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Electric propulsion is better than gasoline propulsion in all categories except range. Electric motors are quiter, simpler, more powerful, and more flexible than gasoline motors and they can be put on anything. In the future we can expect electric vehicles such as:
Power Max speed Mass kWatts mph kg Roller skate .1 15 6 Kick scooter .4 25 7 Bike 3 45 30 Car 60 85 1000 Flying car 150 120 400Each kind of electric vehicle is expanded on below, each with a complete design based on current technology.
The properties of a flying car are determined by the properties of propellers and lithium-ion batteries. Typical parameters for a 1-person car are:
Hovering time = 25 minutes Cruise speed = 100 meters/second Range = 155 km Hovering power = 40 kWatts Vehicle mass = 320 kg Battery energy/mass= .8 MJoules/kg Battery power/mass = 1200 Watts/kg Battery cost/MJoule= 100 $/MJoule Battery mass = 80 kg Battery energy = 64 MJoules Battery power = 96 kWatts Battery cost = 6400 $
For hovering, the more rotors the better. The hovering time scales as rotor number to the 1/6 power. Adding rotors also increases stability and failsafe.
Electric bikes are easy to make. All you have to do is replace a conventional wheel with an electric wheel and attach a battery pack. Electric wheels come in kits and you can make the battery pack yourself. Example configurations for various motor powers:
Power Max Range Motor Battery Battery speed cost cost energy kWatt mph miles $ $ MJoule .75 30 10 160 40 .5 1.5 35 20 240 60 1.2 3 45 40 570 100 1.8 6 55 80 1150 200 3.6The bikes have one electric wheel and one conventional wheel except for 6 kWatt bike, which has 2 electric wheels with 3 kWatt each.
Electric wheel prices are from Amazon.com.
Speed Power License mph kWatt required? Connecticut 30 1.5 Yes California 28 .75 No Massachusetts 25 .75 Yes Oregon 20 1.0 No Washington 20 1.0 No Pennsylvania 20 .75 No Delaware 20 .75 No Maryland 20 .5 No DC 20 ? No
A electric propeller-driven aircraft can hover for more than an hour. The hovering time is determined by the battery energy per mass and by the rotor radius. Example values:
Drone mass = M = 1.0 kg Battery mass = m = .5 kg Battery energy/mass= e = E/m = .8 MJoules/kg Battery energy = E = .4 MJoules Hover power/mass = p = P/M = 94 Watts/kg (Hover power for a 1 kg drone with a 1/4 meter radius rotor) Hover power = P = p M = 94 Watts Flight time = T = E/P = 3990 seconds = 66 minutesThe flight time is
T = (e/p)⋅(m/M)
The power per mass required to hover is determined by the physics of rotors. For a 1 kg vehicle with a 1/4 meter radius rotor,
Mass = M = 1 kg Gravity constant = g = 9.8 meters/second Rotor radius = R = .25 meters Rotor quality = q = 1.3 Hover power/mass = p = M½ g3/2 q-1 R-1 = 94 WattsThe rotor radius scales as M1/3 and the hover power/mass scales as M1/6. If we scale the above vehicle from 1 kg up to 300 kg (the mass of a 1-person vehicle) the hovering power/mass is 240 Watts/kg and the total power is 73 kWatts, or 98 horsepower.
Energy = E Time = T Power = P = E/T Mass = M Energy/Mass = e = E/M Power/Mass = p = P/M Ragone number = r = e p Cost = C Energy/$ = Ce = E/C Power/$ = Cp = P/C Energy/Mass Power/Mass Ragone Time Energy/Cost Power/cost MJoule/kg Watts/kg MJ*kW/kg2 seconds MJ/$ Watt/$ Battery, Aluminum 4.6 130 .598 35400 Not rechargeable Battery, Lithium-ion .8 1200 .960 667 .01 15 Rechargeable Capacitor, Aluminum .010 100000 1.0 .1 .00008 160 Rechargeable Gasoline 9 - - - 9 - Flywheel .5 250000 125 2 Cyclist, sprint .000188 17.4 .358 13.2 - - Cyclist, cruise .0128 6.1 .781 2100 - - Electric motor - 6000 - - - 10 Electric generator - 100 - - - 6
For gasoline, we assume conversion to electricity by a generator with an efficiency of 1/5.
Cycling measurements are from Menaspa's (2013) analysis of Tour de France sprints. For a 1020 Watt sprint the speed is 18.4 meters/second.
The properties of the best commercial lithium ion batteries are:
Energy/Mass = .8 Joule/kg Power/Mass = 1200 Watt/kg Energy/$ = .01 MJoule/kg Density = 3.5 gram/cm3 Recharges =1000 Shelf life = 1.0 year Voltage = 3.7 VoltEnergy/Mass and Power/Mass are an engineering tradeoff. One can be increased at the expense of the other.
Battery energy is often given in "Watt hours" or "Ampere hours".
Voltage = V Volts Charge = C Coulombs (1 Amphour = 3600 Coulombs) Electric current = I Amperes Electric power = P = VI Watts Time = T seconds Energy = E = PT Joules = CV Joules1 Watt hour = 3600 Joules = 1 Watt * 3600 seconds
1 Amp hour = 3600 Coulombs = 1 Coulombs/second * 3600 seconds
A battery with a voltage of 3.7 Volts that delivers
1 Ampere for 1 hour has an energy of
Energy = 1 Ampere * 3.7 Volts * 3600 seconds = 13320 Joules
Energies and powers are for lithium batteries, which have a voltage of 3.7 Volts. The "ID #" is often used instead of cell size.
Cell Energy Power Current Mass Diameter Length Charge Price ID # size kJoule Watt Ampere gram mm mm AmpHour $ D 107 220 60 138 32 67 8.0 13 32650 C 67 220 60 92 26 50 5.0 8 26650, 25500 B 58 160 45 72 22 60 4.5 5 21700, 20700 A 47 110 30 49 18 50 3.5 3 18650 AA 9 22 6 15 14 53 .70 1 14500 AAA 4.7 11 3 7.6 10 44 .35 .5 10440 AAAA 2.3 6 1.5 3.8 8 42 .17 .25 75400
A single battery is a "cell" and a set of cells is a "pack". Packs are used to multiply the energy and power of cells.
Battery packs are notorous for catching fire, but cell technology has reached the point where it's now possible to make safe battery packs, and the design is simple enough so that anyone can construct their own packs.
Cells can be combined in series and/or parallel. Connecting in series multiples voltage, and voltage is helpful for achieving high power in a motor.
Connecting in series is easier than in parallel. If it's possible to achieve the required power without parallelization then one should do so, and this is usually possible with modern cells.
Series packs have the advantage that the cells can easily be extracted and charged individually, and cells can be interchanged between packs. One can also construct a set of series packs and swap them in like gun clips.
High power electric bikes use a voltage of 72 Volts. If we use one series array of C cells then a pack provides 4440 Watts and 1.2 MJoules. Any electric device requiring less than this much power can be powered by a series pack.
The properties of a modern high-power cell are:
Type = "C" Voltage = 3.7 Volts Energy = 60 kJoules Power = 155 Watts Mass = 92 grams Energy/mass = 650 kJoules/kg Power/mass =1680 Watts/kg Current = 42 Amperes Manufacturer = "Basen"When the cells are connected in series the values for voltage and power are:
Cells Voltage Power Volts kWatts 1 3.7 .15 2 7.4 .30 3 11 .45 Electric kick scooter 4 15 .60 6 24 .90 Electric bike 10 36 1.5 20 72 3.0 Compact electric car 96 356 15.0 Large electric car
Size Charge Current Price Amphours Amps $ Basen C 4.5 60 8.0 Panasonic B 4.0 15 8.0 Sony VTC6 A 3.0 30 8.0 Panasonic A 3.5 10 5.5 Efest IMR AA .65 6.5 3.5 Efest IMR AAA .35 3 3.0Prices from www.liionwholesale.com
Voltage = V Volts Capacitance = C Farads Total energy = E = ½ C V2 Joules Effective = Ee = ¼ C V2 JoulesNot all of the energy in a capacitor is harnessable because the voltage diminishes as the charge diminishes, hence the effective energy is less than the total energy.
Power $ Diameter Length Beam Beam Watts mm mm mrad mm Violet .075 70 16.5 170 .5 4 wicked nano Violet .1 10 16.2 lasers-pointers Violet .2 20 20 112 laserpointerpro Violet .5 30 24 148 laserpointerpro Violet 1.0 100 24 180 laserpointerpro Blue .2 65 freemascot.com Blue 1.0 70 freemascot.com Color Wavelength (nm) Violet 405 Blue 445 Green 532 Yellow 589 Red 635
$ Lumens Diameter Mass Lumens per inch ounce inch2 Thrunite Ti4T 36 300 .55 1260 Thrunite Ti4 24 252 .55 ThorFire PF4 20 210 .6 Nitecore MT06 23 165 .55 Revtronic pocket 14 105 .6 Thrunite Archer 2A 36 500 .87 2.1 840 Revtronic 650 35 650 1.0 Fenix UC35 90 960 1.0 Barska TC1200 106 1200 1.0 1530 Fenix TK16 92 1000 1.3 Streamlight HL3 78 1100 1.6 7.1 Litecore TM03 158 2800 1.6 1390
Sandisk microsd cards on Amazon.com
GigaBytes $ 32 13 64 25 128 45 256 160
Electric car engine .80 Gasoline engine .15 Diesel engine .20 Human muscles .22 Biomass plant .25 Natural gas plant .35 Solar cell .20 Crystalline type Solar cell .40 Multilayer type Turboprop, Mach .4 .80 Turboprops work up to Mach .5 Turbojet, Mach .4 .40 Turbofan, Mach .4 .68 Turbojet, Mach .9 .77 Turbofan, Mach .9 .90For an electric vehicle the overall efficiency is similar to that of a diesel engine.
Overall efficiency = Power plant efficiency * Vehicle efficiency = .35 * .80 = .28
White: High conductivity Red: Low conductivity
Electric Thermal Density Electric C/Ct Heat Heat Melt $/kg Young Tensile Poisson Brinell conduct conduct conduct/ cap cap number hardness (e7 A/V/m) (W/K/m) (g/cm^3) Density (AK/VW) (J/g/K) (J/cm^3K) (K) (GPa) (GPa) (GPa) Silver 6.30 429 10.49 .60 147 .235 2.47 1235 590 83 .17 .37 .024 Copper 5.96 401 8.96 .67 147 .385 3.21 1358 6 130 .21 .34 .87 Gold 4.52 318 19.30 .234 142 .129 2.49 1337 24000 78 .124 .44 .24 Aluminum 3.50 237 2.70 1.30 148 .897 2.42 933 2 70 .05 .35 .245 Beryllium 2.5 200 1.85 1.35 125 1.825 3.38 1560 850 287 .448 .032 .6 Magnesium 2.3 156 1.74 1.32 147 1.023 1.78 923 3 45 .22 .29 .26 Iridium 2.12 147 22.56 .094 144 .131 2.96 2917 13000 528 1.32 .26 1.67 Rhodium 2.0 150 12.41 .161 133 .243 3.02 2237 13000 275 .95 .26 1.1 Tungsten 1.89 173 19.25 .098 137 .132 2.54 3695 50 441 1.51 .28 2.57 Molybdenum 1.87 138 10.28 .182 136 .251 2896 24 330 .55 .31 1.5 Cobalt 1.7 100 8.90 .170 .421 1768 30 209 .76 .31 .7 Zinc 1.69 116 7.14 .388 693 2 108 .2 .25 .41 Nickel 1.4 90.9 8.91 .444 1728 15 Ruthenium 1.25 117 12.45 2607 5600 Cadmium 1.25 96.6 8.65 594 2 50 .078 .30 .20 Osmium 1.23 87.6 22.59 .130 3306 12000 Indium 1.19 81.8 7.31 430 750 11 .004 .45 .009 Iron 1.0 80.4 7.87 .449 1811 211 .35 .29 .49 Palladium .95 71.8 1828 Tin .83 66.8 505 22 47 .20 .36 .005 Chromium .79 93.9 .449 2180 Platinum .95 .133 2041 Tantalum .76 .140 3290 Gallium .74 303 Thorium .68 Niobium .55 53.7 2750 Rhenium .52 .137 3459 Vanadium .5 30.7 2183 Uranium .35 Titanium .25 21.9 .523 1941 Scandium .18 15.8 1814 Neodymium .156 1297 Mercury .10 8.30 .140 234 Manganese .062 7.81 1519 Germanium .00019 1211 Dimond iso 10 40000 Diamond e-16 2320 .509 Tube 10 3500 Carbon nanotube. Electric conductivity = e-16 laterally Tube bulk 200 Carbon nanotubes in bulk Graphene 10 5000 Graphite 2 400 .709 Natural graphite Al Nitride e-11 180 Brass 1.5 120 Steel 45 Carbon steel Bronze .65 40 Steel Cr .15 20 Stainless steel (usually 10% chromium) Quartz (C) 12 Crystalline quartz. Thermal conductivity is anisotropic Quartz (F) e-16 2 Fused quartz Granite 2.5 Marble 2.2 Ice 2 Concrete 1.5 Limestone 1.3 Soil 1 Glass e-12 .85 Water e-4 .6 Seawater 1 .6 Brick .5 Plastic .5 Wood .2 Wood (dry) .1 Plexiglass e-14 .18 Rubber e-13 .16 Snow .15 Paper .05 Plastic foam .03 Air 5e-15 .025 Nitrogen .025 1.04 Oxygen .025 .92 Silica aerogel .01 Siemens: Amperes^2 Seconds^3 / kg / meters^2 = 1 Ohm^-1For most metals,
Electric conductivity / Thermal conductivity ~ 140 J/g/K
Teslas Field generated by brain 10-12 Wire carrying 1 Amp .00002 1 cm from the wire Earth magnetic field .0000305 at the equator Neodymium magnet 1.4 Magnetic resonance imaging machine 8 Large Hadron Collider magnets 8.3 Field for frog levitation 16 Strongest electromagnet 32.2 without using superconductors Strongest electromagnet 45 using superconductors Neutron star 1010 Magnetar neutron star 1014
The critical electric field for electric breakdown for the following materials is:
MVolt/meter Air 3 Glass 12 Polystyrene 20 Rubber 20 Distilled water 68 Vacuum 30 Depends on electrode shape Diamond 2000
Relative permittivity is the factor by which the electric field between charges is decreased relative to vacuum. Relative permittivity is dimensionless. Large permittivity is desirable for capacitors.
Relative permittivity Vacuum 1 (Exact) Air 1.00059 Polyethylene 2.5 Sapphire 10 Concrete 4.5 Glass ~ 6 Rubber 7 Diamond ~ 8 Graphite ~12 Silicon 11.7 Water (0 C) 88 Water (20 C) 80 Water (100 C) 55 TiO2 ~ 150 SrTiO3 310 BaSrTiO3 500 Ba TiO3 ~ 5000 CaCuTiO3 250000
A ferromagnetic material amplifies a magnetic field by a factor called the "relative permeability".
Relative Magnetic Maximum Critical permeability moment frequency temperature (kHz) (K) Metglas 2714A 1000000 100 Rapidly-cooled metal Iron 200000 2.2 1043 Iron + nickel 100000 Mu-metal or permalloy Cobalt + iron 18000 Nickel 600 .606 627 Cobalt 250 1.72 1388 Carbon steel 100 Neodymium magnet 1.05 Manganese 1.001 Air 1.000 Superconductor 0 Dysprosium 10.2 88 Gadolinium 7.63 292 EuO 6.8 69 Y3Fe5O12 5.0 560 MnBi 3.52 630 MnAs 3.4 318 NiO + Fe 2.4 858 CrO2 2.03 386
Resistivity in 10^-9 Ohm Meters
293 K 300 K 500 K Beryllium 35.6 37.6 99 Magnesium 43.9 45.1 78.6 Aluminum 26.5 27.33 49.9 Copper 16.78 17.25 30.9 Silver 15.87 16.29 28.7
Gauge Diameter Continuous 10 second 1 second 32 ms Resistance mm current current current current Ampere Ampere Ampere Ampere Ohm/meter 0 8.3 125 1900 16000 91000 .00032 2 6.5 95 1300 10200 57000 .00051 4 5.2 70 946 6400 36000 .00082 6 4.1 55 668 4000 23000 .00130 12 2.0 20 235 1000 5600 .0052 18 1.02 10 83 250 1400 .021 24 .51 3.5 29 62 348 .084 30 .255 .86 10 15 86 .339 36 .127 .18 4 10 22 1.361 40 .080 1 1.5 8 3.441
Conductivity Melt Hardness Hardness Stiffness Strength Density Price/kg MAmps/Volt/m Kelvin Mohs GPa GPa GPa $/kg Silver 63.0 1235 2.5 .24 83 .17 10.5 590 Copper 59.6 1358 3 .87 30 .21 9.1 6 Gold 45.2 1337 2.5 .24 78 .12 19.3 24000 Aluminum 35.0 933 2.8 .24 70 .05 2.7 2 Beryllium 25 1560 5.5 .6 287 .45 1.85 850 Magnesium 23 923 2.5 .26 45 .22 1.74 3 Iridium 21.2 2917 6.5 1.67 528 1.32 22.6 13000 Tungsten 18.9 3695 7.5 2.57 441 1.51 19.2 50 Zinc 16.9 693 2.5 .41 108 .2 7.1 2 Cadmium 12.5 594 2.0 .20 50 .078 8.6 2 Indium 11.9 430 1.2 .009 11 .004 7.3 750 Tin 8.3 505 1.5 .005 47 .20 22 Osmium 7.0
Energy/Mass Power/Mass Recharge Year Anode Cathode Market fraction of MJoule/kg Watt/kg Lithium-ion batteries Lithium air 6.12 No Future Li O2 Aluminum air 4.68 200 No 1970 Al O2 Lithium thionyl 2.00 700 No 1973 Li SOCl2 Zinc air 1.59 No 1932 Zn O2 Lithium-ion sulfur 1.44 670 Yes Future Li S 0 Lithium metal 1.01 400 No 1976 Li MnO2 Lithium-ion CoNiAlO2 .79 Yes 1999 Li CoNiAlO2 .10 Lithium-ion CoNiMnO2 .74 1200 Yes 2008 Li CoNiMnO2 .29 Lithium-ion CoO2 .70 200 Yes 1991 Li CoO2 .29 Lithium-ion Mn2O4 .54 1200 Yes 1999 Li Mn2O4 .10 Lithium-ion FePO4 .47 1200 Yes 1996 Li FePO4 .22 Alkaline .40 Yes 1992 Zn MnO2 NiMH .34 1000 Yes 1990 MH NiO(OH) Lead acid .15 180 Yes 1881 Pb PbO2 NiCd .14 200 Yes 1960 Cd NiO(OH)
Suppose a battery is connected to a load with resistance R. The load resistance and the battery internal resistance are in series.
Load resistance = R Battery resistance = r Battery voltage = V Current = I = V / (R+r) Load power = P = R I2 = V2 R / (R+r)2 Battery power = p Motor efficiency = e = P/(P+p) = 1/(1+r/R)The load power is maximized when R=r.
Electric motors typically have an efficiency of .8 for converting battery energy to mechanical energy. If e=.8 then R/r=4.
A = Plate area Z = Plate spacing Ke = Electric force constant = 8.9876e9 N m2 / C2 Q = Max charge on the plate (Coulombs) Emax= Max electric field = 4 Pi Ke Q / A V = Voltage between plates = E Z = 4 Pi Ke Q Z / A En = Energy = .5 Q V = .5 A Z E2 / (4 π Ke) e = Energy/Volume = E / A Z = .5 E2 / (4 π Ke) q = Charge/Volume = Q / A / Z C = Capacitance = Q/V = (4 Pi Ke) A/Z (Farads) c = Capacitance/Volume = C / A / Z = (4 Pi Ke) Emax2 / V2 Eair= Max electric field in air= 3 MVolt/meter k = Dielectric factor = Emax / Eair Continuum Macroscopic Energy/Volume = .5 E2 / (4 Pi Ke) <-> Energy = .5 C V2 = .5 q V = .5 Q V c = (4 Pi Ke)-1 Emax2 / V2 <-> C = (4 Pi Ke)-1 A / ZA capacitor can be specified by two parameters:
The maximum electric field is equal to the max field for air times a dimensionless number characterizing the dielectric
Eair = Maximum electric field for air before electical breakdown Emax = Maximum electric field in the capacitor Rbohr= Bohr radius = Characteristic size of atoms = 5.2918e-11 m = hbar2 / (ElectronMass*ElectronCharge2*Ke) Ebohr= Bohr electric field = Field generated by a proton at a distance of 1 Bohr radius = 5.142e11 Volt/m Maximum energy density = .5 * 8.854e-12 Emax2 Emax (MVolt/m) Energy density (Joule/kg) Al electrolyte capacitor 15.0 1000 Supercapacitor 90.2 36000 Bohr limit 510000 1.2e12 Capacitor with a Bohr electric field
A solenoid is a wire wound into a coil.
N = Number of wire loops Z = Length A = Area Mu = Magnetic constant = 4 π 10-7 I = Current It = Current change/time F = Magnetic flux = N B A (Tesla meter2) Ft = Flux change/time (Tesla meter2 / second) B = Magnetic field = Mu N I / Z V = Voltage = Ft = L It = N A Bt = Mu N2 A It / Z L = Inductance = Ft / It = Mu N2 A / Z (Henrys) E = Energy = .5 L I2Hyperphysics: Inductor
For propellers,
Rotor radius = R Air density = D = 1.22 kg/meter3 at sea level Rotor tip speed = V Rotor width param= Cr Rotor lift force = F↑ = D Cr R2 V2 Rotor drag force = F→ Rotor lift/drag = Qr = F↑ / F→ Rotor power = P = F→ V = F↑ V / Qr Rotor force/power= Z = F↑/ P = Qr / V = R F↑-½ D½ Cr½ Qr = R F↑-½ D½ qr Rotor quality = qr = Qr Cr½The physical parameters of a propeller are {Qr,Cr,qr}, with typical values of
Qr = 5.5 Cr = .045 qr = 1.17Most propellers have 2 blades and some have 3. If there are 4 or more blades then qr declines.
The parameters are not independent. They're related through the blade aspect ratio.
K ≈ Aspect ratio Cr ≈ K-½ Qr ≈ K qr ≈ K½
Aircraft mass = M Gravity = g Aircraft force = F↑ = M g Rotor radius = R ~ M1/3 Hovering force/power = Z = qr D½ R F↑-½ ~ M-1/6 Hovering power/mass = p = g / Z ~ M1/6 Aircraft energy/mass = e ~ M0 Hovering time = T = e / p ~ M-1/6
A drive propeller has to move substantially faster than the aircraft to be effective. This distinguishes it from a hovering propeller, which is designed to minimze propeller speed.
Rotor radius = R Air density = D = 1.22 kg/meter3 Aircraft speed = U Rotor speed coef. = s Rotor tip speed = V = s U Rotor lift force = F↑ Rotor drag force = F↓ Rotor lift/drag = Qr = F↑ / F↓ Rotor power = P = F↓ V = F↑ V / Q Rotor force/power = Z = Q / VTypically, Q ~ 5.5 and s ~ 3.
A commonly-appearing quantity is the power/mass ratio, which is inversely proportional to the force/power ratio.
Mass = M Gravity = g Rotor quality = q Hover force = F = M g Hover power = P Force/Power ratio = Z = F/P Power/Mass ratio = p = P/M = g/Z
Air density = Dair= 1.22 Seawater density = Dwater= 1025 Gravity = g = 9.8 meters/second2 Wing drag coef. = Cw = .03 Wing Lift/drag = Qw = 7 Rotor lift/drag = Qr = 5.5 Rotor width param = Cr = .045 Rotor quality = qr = 1.17 = Qr Cr½ Rotor force/power = Zr Rotor agility = pr = g/Zr Wing agility = pw
Aircraft mass = M Gravity = g Air density = D = 1.22 kg/meter3 Aircraft speed = U Rotor speed coef. = s Rotor tip speed = V = s U Aircraft lift force = F = M g Rotor lift force = F↑ Wing lift/drag = Qw = F / F↑ Rotor drag force = F→ Rotor lift/drag = Qr = F↑ / F→ Rotor power = P = F→ V = F↑ V / Qr = F V / (Qr Qw) Aircraft force/power = Z = F / P = [Qr Qw / s] / UThere is a tradeoff between Qr and s.
Mass Battery Battery Battery Power Flight Price energy mass time kg MJoule kg MJ/kg kWatt minutes $ Drone Jetjat Nano .011 .00160 .0033 8 40 Drone ByRobot Fighter .030 .0040 .0067 10 120 Drone XDrone Zepto .082 .0067 .0046 24 40 Drone Walkera QRY100 .146 .0213 .0413 .52 .018 20 100 Drone DJI Mavic Pro .725 .157 .24 .65 .11 24 1000 Drone DJI Phantom 4 1.38 .293 .426 .69 .17 28 1000 Drone JYU Spider X 2.1 .360 .812 .44 .20 30 155 Drone MD4-1000 2.65 1.039 .20 88 2000 Drone Walkera QRX800 3.9 .799 1.134 .70 .22 60 2700 Drone AEE F100 6.0 1.598 .38 70 58000 Drone Ehang 184 200 51.8 37.50 23 300000 Skate Hammacher 6.4 .10 700 Scooter Zero 7.0 .899 .45 500 Bike Revelo 15 1.35 .25 Bike Seagull 26.3 2.25 1.0 2000 Bike Wolverine 38.6 8.64 7.0 10450 Car Mitsu. MiEV 1080 58 201 .29 47 16300 Car Tesla S P85D 2239 306 540 .57 568 115000 Light Barska TC1200 .41 .032 .45 .71 .015 120 Laser Violet laser .182 .009 .0152 .62 .0001 20 Battery RAVPower .590 .414 .590 .70 60 Phone Samsung S5 .145 .039 .038 1.03"Flight time" is the maximum hover time for drones.