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Volume Area Nave Tower Year
(k m3) (k m2) (m) (m)
Saint Peter's Basilica 5000 15.2 46 136.6 1626 Vatican
Seville Cathedral 500 11.5 42 105 1528 Spain Seville
Cathedral of St. John the Divine 480 11.2 39 70.7 1941 USA Manhattan
Milan Cathedral 440 10.2 45 108.5 1965 Italy Milan
Abbey of Santa Giustina 9.7 75 1606 Italy Padua
Liverpool Cathedral 450 9.7 101.0 1978 UK Liverpool
Basilica St. Paul Outside th Walls 8.5 30 73 1823 Italy Rome
Florence Cathedral 8.3 45 114.5 1436 Italy Florence
Ulm Minster 190 8.3 41 *161.5 1890 Germany Ulm
Basilica Cat. Lady of the Pillar 8.3 1872 Spain Zaragoza
Hagia Sophia 256 8.0 537 Turkey Istanbul
Cathedral of Our Lady 8.0 1521 Belgium Antwerp
Cologne Cathedral 407 7.9 43 *157.4 1880 Germany Cologne
San Petrino Basilica 270 7.9 45 1479 Italy Bologna
Saint Paul's Cathedral 7.9 38 111.3 1708 UK London
Washington National Cathedral 7.7 31 92 1990 USA DC
Amiens Cathedral 200 7.7 42 112.7 1270 France Amiens
Basilica of the National Shrine 7.1 1961 USA DC
Palma Cathedral 160 6.7 1346 Spain Palma
Reims Cathedral 6.7 1275 France Reims
Strasbourg Cathedral 6.0 *142.0 1439 France Strasbourg
Bourges Cathedral 5.9 1230 France Bourges
Notre Dame de Paris 5.5 1345 France Paris
Chartres Cathedral 5.2 1220 France Chartres
Winchester Cathedral 5.0 1525 UK Winchester
Saint Mary's Church 190 5.0 1502 Poland Gdansk
Westminster Abbey 3.0 1018 UK London
Basilica of Saint John Lateran 1735 Italy Rome
Oliwa Cathedral 1350 Poland Gdansk
Cluny III 1130 France Cluny
Canterbury Cathedral 1077 UK Canterbury
York Minster 1472 UK York
Lincoln Cathedral 1311 UK Lincoln
Peterborough Cathedral 1237 UK Peterborough
Rouen Cathedral 1202 France Rouen
*: Held the status of world's tallest building.
All churches larger than 7000 meters2 are listed, plus the largest churches constructed
before 1500 CE. The appendix contains an expanded list of churches.
Among these types of buildings the cathedral is probably the best known, to the extent that the word "cathedral" is often mistakenly applied as a generic term for any large and imposing church. In fact, A cathedral doesn't have to be large or imposing, though many are. The cathedral takes its name from the word "cathedra", or "bishop's throne".
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Height (m) Year
Ulm Minster 161.5 1890 *
Lincoln Cathedral 159.7 1311 * Collapsed in 1549
Our Lady of Peace Basilica 158.0 1989
Cologne Cathedral 157.4 1880 *
Beauvais Cathedral 153.0 1569 Collapsed in 1573
Saint Mary's Church 151.0 1478 * Collapsed in 1647
Rouen Cathedral 151.0 1876 *
Old St. Paul's Cathedral 150.0 1240 * Collapsed in 1561
Saint Nikolai, Hamburg 147.3 1874 *
Strasbourg Cathedral 142.0 1439 *
Basilica Lady of Lichen 141.5 2000
Saint Peter's Basilica 136.6 1626
Saint Stephen's Cathedral 136.4 1433
New Cathedral, Linz 134.8 1924
Notre Dame et St. Lambert 134.5 1433 Destroyed in 1794
Saint Peter's Church 132.2 1878
Saint Michaelis Church 132.1 1786
Malmesbury Abbey 131.3 1180 Collapsed around the year 1500
*: Held the status of world's tallest building.
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Saint Peter's Basilica was designed principally by Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini. It is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and is the largest stone church in the world.
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The catenary arch was discovered by Sir Robert Hooke.
Hooke: As hangs a flexible cable so, inverted, stand the touching pieces of an arch.
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A suspension bridge under zero load hangs as a catenary and under infinite load it hangs as a parabola.
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A flying buttress delivers the compression force from the arch to the ground.
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Pipe length = L = 8.5 meters Wavelength = W = 2L = 17.0 meters Sound speed = V = 340 meters/second Pipe frequency = F = ½ V / L = 20 Hertz (Lower limit of human sensitivity)
Marble is metamorphic limestone (CaCO3).
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NaO2 Colorless FeO Green Beer bottles S Amber S + B2O3 Blue S + Ca Yellow MnO2 Purple Co Blue CuO Turquoise Ni Blue or violet or black Cr Dark green or black Au Red Cu Dark red Se Pink AgNO3 Orange Cd Yellow U Yellow SnO White
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Height Year
(m)
Gobekli Tepe, Turkey 15 -11500
Pyramid of Djoser 62 -2650
Meidum Pyramid 93.5 -2610
Bent Pyramid 101.1 -2605
Red Pyramid 105 -2600
Great Pyramid of Giza 146 -2560
Lincoln Cathedral 160 1311 Collapsed
St. Mary's Church 151 1549 Collapsed
Strasbourg Cathedral 142 1647
St. Nikolai 147 1874
Rouen Cathedral 151 1876
Cologne Cathedral 157 1880
Washington Monument 169 1884
Eiffel Tower 300 1889
Chrysler Building 319 1930
Empire State Building 381 1931-1967
During the years 1311-1884 the tallest structure in the world was always a church.
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Height Base Year
San Jacinto Monument 172.92 15 1939 Texas. Topped by a 220 ton star
Washington Monument 169.05 16.80 1884 Washington DC
Perry's Memorial 107 1915 Perry's Vicry and Int. Peace Memorial
Jefferson Davis Mon. 107.0 1924 Kentucky
Capas National Shrine 70 2003 Philippines
High Point Monument 67 1930 New Jersey
Bunker Hill Monument 67 1843 Massachusetts
Wellington Monument 62 1861 Dublin
Wellington Monument 53.34 24 1854 Somerset
Nelson's Column 51.6 1843 London
Lateran Obelisk 45.7 -1500 Rome
Vendome Column 42 1810 Paris
Flaminio Obelisk 36.5 -1300 Rome
Lincoln Tomb 36 1874 Illinois
Trajan's Column 35.1 3.7 113 Rome
Obelisk of Montecitorio 34.0 -592 Rome
Solare Obelisk 33.97 -592 Rome
Veteran's Memorial 33.5 1876 Pennsylvania
Vatican Obelisk 25.5 -29 Rome
Pompey's Pillar 20.46 2.71 297 Egypt
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For a solid granite obelisk with a square cross section, we estimate the wind force required to topple the obelisk.
Height = H Base side length = L Pillar density = D = 2650 kg/meter3 (Granite) Air density = d = 1.22 kg/meter3 Pillar mass = M = D H L2 Wind speed = V = 80 meters/second (Extreme hurricane) Gravity consant = g = 9.8 meters/second2 Gravity force = Fgrav = M g Wind force = Fwind = ½ d L H V2 Gravity torque = Τgrav = ½ L Fgrav Wind torque = Τgrav = ½ H Fwind Gravity torque = Wind torque ½ D H L3 g = ¼ L H2 d V2 H = 2 g L2 D / (d V2) L2 = ½ H V2 d / (D g)If H = 169 meters (Washington Monument), then L = 25.4 meters.
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Year Length Avenue Street Capacity
meters
Cathedral of St. John Devine 1909 183 Amsterdam 110
Riverside Church 1930 Riverside 120 2100
St. Patrick's Cathedral 1879 121 5 50 2200
St. Paul's Chapel 1766 Financial district
Abyssian Baptist Church 1923 7 138 10000
Church of Notre Dame 1909 Riverside 114
Basilica of St. Patrick's Old Cath. 1815 Lower Manhattan
St. Peter's Roman Catholic 1836 Financial district
Saint Thomas Church 1914 65 5 53
Trinity Church 1846 Financial district
First Baptist Church 1893 Broadway 79
Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite 1846
Cathedral of St. Sava 1855 6 25
Fifth Avenue Presbyterian 1875 5 55
Grace Church 1847 Broadway 10
Saints Kyril & Metodi 1899 30 10 50
Holy Trinity Lutheran Church 1902 Upper West Side
St. Bartholomew's Episcopal 1916 Park 50
Cathedral of the Holy Trinity 1932 2 74
St. Vartan Cathedral 1968 2 34
Christ Church United Methodist 1933 Park 60
Brick Presbyterian Church 1768 Park 91
St. Mark's Church in the Bowery 1795 2 10
St. Francis Xavier 1882 5 16
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Skyscrapers indicate the location of Manhattan bedrock. Many Manhattan churches are made from this bedrock.
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Volume Area Nave Tower Year Length Width Nave Interior
(k m3) (k m2) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
Saint Peter's Basilica 5000 15.2 46 136.6 1626 Vatican 212 150 91 186
Seville Cathedral 500 11.5 42 105 1528 Spain Seville 132 100 60
Cathedral of St. John the Divine 480 11.2 39 70.7 1941 USA Manhattan 183 71 70
Milan Cathedral 440 10.2 45 108.5 1965 Italy Milan 158 93 148
Abbey of Santa Giustina 9.7 75 1606 Italy Padua 118
Liverpool Cathedral 450 9.7 101.0 1978 UK Liverpool 189 60 59 146
Basilica St. Paul Outside th Walls 8.5 30 73 1823 Italy Rome 150 80 132
Florence Cathedral 8.3 45 114.5 1436 Italy Florence 153 90
Ulm Minster 190 8.3 41 *161.5 1890 Germany Ulm
Basilica Cat. Lady of the Pillar 8.3 1872 Spain Zaragoza 127 67
Hagia Sophia 256 8.0 537 Turkey Istanbul 110
Cathedral of Our Lady 8.0 1521 Belgium Antwerp 119 75 101
Cologne Cathedral 407 7.9 43 *157.4 1880 Germany Cologne 135 86 58
San Petrino Basilica 270 7.9 45 1479 Italy Bologna
Saint Paul's Cathedral 7.9 38 111.3 1708 UK London 158 75
Washington National Cathedral 7.7 31 92 1990 USA DC 160
Amiens Cathedral 200 7.7 42 112.7 1270 France Amiens 145 70
Basilica of the National Shrine 7.1 1961 USA DC 139 73
Cathedral of La Plata 7.0 1932 Argen. La Plata 120
Saint Joseph's Oratory 660 6.8 1967 Canada Montreal
Palma Cathedral 160 6.7 1346 Spain Palma
Reims Cathedral 6.7 1275 France Reims 149 90 139
Mexico City Metropolican Cathedral 6.7 1813 Mexico Mexico City 120 54 110
Strasbourg Cathedral 6.0 *142.0 1439 France Strasbourg
Bourges Cathedral 5.9 1230 France Bourges
Esztergom Basilica 5.6 1869 Hungary Esztergom 118 49
Notre Dame de Paris 5.5 1345 France Paris 130 69
Sagrida Familia 5.4 45 170 2026 Spain Barcelona
Primate Cathedral of Bogota 5.3 1823 Colombia Bogota
Chartres Cathedral 5.2 1220 France Chartres 130 46
Cathedral of Christ the Savior 5.2 1883 Russia Moscow
New Cathedral, Linz 5.2 134.8 1924 Austria Linz
Winchester Cathedral 5.0 1525 UK Winchester 170
Saint Mary's Church 190 5.0 1502 Poland Gdansk 104 66
Westminster Cathedral 5.0 1910 UK London 110 52
Dresden Cathedal 4.8 1755 Germany Dresden
Basilica of St. Therese, Lisieux 4.5 1954 France Lisieux
Ely Cathedral, Cambridgeshire 4.3 1375 UK Ely 165 75
Basilica de San Martin de Tours 4.3 1878 Philip. Taal
Frauenkirche 190 4.2 1525 Germany Munich
Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis 4.1 1914 USA St. Louis 111 62
Saint Isaac's Cathedral 4.0 1858 Russia St. Petersb 111 98
St Gregory the Illuminator Cath. 3.8 2001 Armenia Yerevan
Church of Saint Sava 170 3.5 1989 Serbia Belgrade
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 3.2 1912 Sofia Bulgaria
Westminster Abbey 3.0 1018 UK London 162 156
Medak Cathedral 2.8 1926 India Medak
Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar 2.3 2005 India
Basilica of St John the Baptist 64 2.1 1855 Canada St. John's
All Saint's Cathedral 32 1.8 1910 Canada Halifax 78 26 41 65
Cluny III 1130 France Cluny 187
Saint Alban's Cathedral 1200 UK St Albans 168 58 84
Canterbury Cathedral 1077 UK Canterbury 158
York Minster 1472 UK York 158
Lincoln Cathedral 1311 UK Lincoln 156
Peterborough Cathedral 1237 UK Peterborough147
Rouen Cathedral 1202 France Rouen 144 62 60 137
Durham Cathedral 1133 UK Durham 143
Norwich Cathedral 1145 UK Norwich 140
Basilica of the National Vow 1924 Ecuador Quito 140 35
Salisbury Cathedral 1258 UK Salisbury 135
Tournai Cathedral 1255 Belgium Tournai 134 67 48
Speyer Cathedral 1858 Germany Speyer 134 43
San Petrino 1658 Italy Bologna 133 66
Gloucester Cathedral 1499 UK Gloucester 130
Saint Vitus Cathedral 1929 Czech Prague 124 60
Sint Janskerk 1300 Neth. Gouda 123 49
Toledo Cathedral 1500 Spain Toledo 122 59
Basilica of Saint John Lateran 1735 Italy Rome 122 140
Uppsala Cathedral 1431 Sweden Uppsala 119
Ferrara Cathedral 1493 Italy Ferrara 118
Wells Cathedral 1490 UK Wells 117
Saint Mary's Cathedral 2000 Austral. Sydney 115 33 107 St
Saint John's Cathedral, s-Hertogenbosch 1550 Neth. d-Hertogen 115 62
Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli 1679 Italy Assisi 115 65
Berlin Cathedral 1905 Germany Berlin 114 73
Troyes Cathedral 1905 France Troyes 114 50
Cathedral of Mary our Queen 1959 USA Baltimore 113 40
San Paulo Cathedral 1967 Brazil San Paulo 111 46
Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis 1914 USA Saint Louis 111 62
Santa Chiara 1340 Italy Napoli 110 40 85
Oliwa Cathedral 1350 Poland Gdansk 107 98 19
Saint Patrick's Cathedral 1858 Austral. Melbourne 104 56
Cathedral of the Holy Cross 1875 USA Boston 104 27
Nidarosdomen 1300 Norway Trondheim 102
Saint Patrick's Cathedral 1878 USA Manhattan 101 53
Aarhus Cathedral 1300 Denmark Aarhus 93 52 67
Saints Kyril & Metodi 1899 USA Manhattan 30 9
Cathedral of St. Sava 1855 USA Manhattan 20
Basilica of St. Patrick's Old Cath. 1815 USA Manhattan
Cathedral of Saint John the Evangelist 24 1954 USA Spokane
Length: Outside length
Width: Outside width
Nave: Length of the nave
Interior: Inside length
Modern churches (not stone).
Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida 1200 12 40 100.0 1980 Brazil Aparecida 173 168 168 Basilica of Our Lady of Lichen 300 9.2 45 141.5 2004 Poland Lichen 139 77 120 Church of the Most Holy Trinity 130 8.7 2007 Portugal Fatima Basilica of Our Lady of Guatalupe 8.2 34 42 1976 Mexico Mexico City Basilica of Our Lady of Peace 8.0 158 1989 Ivory C. Yamoussoukro195 150 Basilica of the Sacred Heart 8.0 90 1970 Belgium Brussels 141 108 Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church 6.0 2004 Italy San Giovani Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels 6.0 32 2002 USA Los Angeles 121 De Hoeksteen, Barneveld 43 6.0 2008 Neth. Barneveld Holy Trinity Cathedral 137 5.0 2004 Georgia Tbilisi
Area Tower Year
(k m2) (m)
Hagia Sophia 8.0 537 Turkey Istanbul
Westminster Abbey 3.0 1018 UK London
Canterbury Cathedral 1077 UK Canterbury
Cluny III 1130 France Cluny
Durham Cathedral 1133 UK Durham
Norwich Cathedral 1145 UK Norwich
Saint Alban's Cathedral 1200 UK St Albans
Rouen Cathedral 1202 France Rouen
Chartres Cathedral 5.2 1220 France Chartres
Bourges Cathedral 5.9 1230 France Bourges
Peterborough Cathedral 1237 UK Peterborough
Tournai Cathedral 1255 Belgium Tournai
Salisbury Cathedral 1258 UK Salisbury
Amiens Cathedral 7.7 112.7 1270 France Amiens
Reims Cathedral 6.7 1275 France Reims
Nidarosdomen 1300 Norway Trondheim
Sint Janskerk 1300 Neth. Gouda
Aarhus Cathedral 1300 Denmark Aarhus
Lincoln Cathedral 1311 UK Lincoln
Santa Chiara 1340 Italy Napoli
Notre Dame de Paris 5.5 1345 France Paris
Palma Cathedral 6.7 1346 Spain Palma
Oliwa Cathedral 1350 Poland Gdansk
Ely Cathedral, Cambridgeshire 4.3 1375 UK Ely
Uppsala Cathedral 1431 Sweden Uppsala
Florence Cathedral 8.3 114.5 1436 Italy Florence
Strasbourg Cathedral 6.0 *142.0 1439 France Strasbourg
York Minster 1472 UK York
San Petrino Basilica 7.9 1479 Italy Bologna
Wells Cathedral 1490 UK Wells
Ferrara Cathedral 1493 Italy Ferrara
Gloucester Cathedral 1499 UK Gloucester
Toledo Cathedral 1500 Spain Toledo
Saint Mary's Church 5.0 1502 Poland Gdansk
Cathedral of Our Lady 8.0 1521 Belgium Antwerp
Winchester Cathedral 5.0 1525 UK Winchester
Frauenkirche 4.2 1525 Germany Munich
Seville Cathedral 11.5 105 1528 Spain Seville
Saint John's Cathedral, s-Hertogen 1550 Neth. s-Hertogenbosch
Abbey of Santa Giustina 9.7 75 1606 Italy Padua
Saint Peter's Basilica 15.2 136.6 1626 Vatican
San Petrino 1658 Italy Bologna
Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli 1679 Italy Assisi
Saint Paul's Cathedral 7.9 111.3 1708 UK London
Basilica of Saint John Lateran 1735 Italy Rome
Dresden Cathedal 4.8 1755 Germany Dresden
Mexico City Metropolican Cathedral 6.7 1813 Mexico Mexico City
Basilica of St. Patrick's Old Cath. 1815 USA Manhattan
Basilica St. Paul Outside th Walls 8.5 73 1823 Italy Rome
Primate Cathedral of Bogota 5.3 1823 Colombia Bogota
Basilica of St John the Baptist 2.1 1855 Canada St. John's
Cathedral of St. Sava 1855 USA Manhattan
Saint Isaac's Cathedral 4.0 1858 Russia St. Petersburg
Speyer Cathedral 1858 Germany Speyer
Saint Patrick's Cathedral 1858 Austral. Melbourne
Esztergom Basilica 5.6 1869 Hungary Esztergom
Basilica Cat. Lady of the Pillar 8.3 1872 Spain Zaragoza
Cathedral of the Holy Cross 1875 USA Boston
Saint Patrick's Cathedral 1878 USA Manhattan
Basilica de San Martin de Tours 4.3 1878 Philip. Taal
Cologne Cathedral 7.9 *157.4 1880 Germany Cologne
Cathedral of Christ the Savior 5.2 1883 Russia Moscow
Ulm Minster 8.3 *161.5 1890 Germany Ulm
Saints Kyril & Metodi 1899 USA Manhattan
Berlin Cathedral 1905 Germany Berlin
Troyes Cathedral 1905 France Troyes
Westminster Cathedral 5.0 1910 UK London
All Saint's Cathedral 1.8 1910 Canada Halifax
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 3.2 1912 Sofia Bulgaria
Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis 4.1 1914 USA St. Louis
Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis 1914 USA Saint Louis
New Cathedral, Linz 5.2 134.8 1924 Austria Linz
Basilica of the National Vow 1924 Ecuador Quito
Medak Cathedral 2.8 1926 India Medak
Saint Vitus Cathedral 1929 Czech Prague
Cathedral of La Plata 7.0 1932 Argen. La Plata
Cathedral of St. John the Divine 11.2 70.7 1941 USA Manhattan
Basilica of St. Therese, Lisieux 4.5 1954 France Lisieux
Cathedral of St John the Evangelist 1954 USA Spokane
Cathedral of Mary our Queen 1959 USA Baltimore
Basilica of the National Shrine 7.1 1961 USA DC
Milan Cathedral 10.2 108.5 1965 Italy Milan
Saint Joseph's Oratory 6.8 1967 Canada Montreal
San Paulo Cathedral 1967 Brazil San Paulo
Liverpool Cathedral 9.7 101.0 1978 UK Liverpool
Church of Saint Sava 3.5 1989 Serbia Belgrade
Washington National Cathedral 7.7 92 1990 USA DC
Saint Mary's Cathedral 2000 Austral. Sydney
St Gregory the Illuminator Cath. 3.8 2001 Armenia Yerevan
Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar 2.3 2005 India
Sagrida Familia 5.4 170 2026 Spain Barcelona
CaO Calcium oxide Lime Al2O3 Aluminum oxide SiO2 Silicon dioxide Rock, quartz CaCO3 Calcium carbonate Limestone CO2 Carbon dioxide Al2O3⋅SiO2 Aluminum silicate Volcanic ash, andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite CaSO4⋅2(H2O) Gypsum Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide RustNon-hydraulic cement hardens upon contact with CO2 in the air and cannot be set in the presence of water.
Hydraulic cement hardens upon contact with water.
Aluminum silicates are compounds derived from aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) and can be found in volcanic ash.
The Ancient Romans made hydraulic cement from volcanic ash and lime.
Non-hydraulic cement:
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 Heat for 10 hours at above 825 Celcius CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 Add water and then let dry Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O Hardens in the presence of CO2Hydraulic cement is made from a mixture of
2(CaO)⋅SiO2 Belite 3(CaO)⋅SiO2 Alite 3(CaO)⋅Al2O3 Tricalcium aluminate 4(CaO)⋅Al2O3⋅Fe2O3 BrownmilleritePortland cement is a hydraulic cement.
History of cement:
Ancient Babylon Bitumen (asphalt). Viscous petroleum Ancient Egypt Sand and burnt gypsum Ancient Greece and Rome Hydraulic cement 1780 James Parker advances the art of hydraulic cement 1840 Aspdin develops "Portland cement"Portland cement:
CaO .63 SiO2 .219 Al2O3 .069 Fe2O3 .03 MgO .025 SO3 .017Portland cement is the most widely used modern cement. It is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with other materials (such as clay) to 1450 Celsius. The resulting hard substance is ground into powder and mixed with gypsum and water, after which it hardens.
Concrete is cement mixed with gravel and sand.
Egypt Rome Europe Modern
1500 BC 0 AD 1300 AD
Silica SiO2 65 68 53 73
Soda NaO2 20 16 3 16
Potash K2O 2 .5 17 .5
Lime CaO 4 8 12 5
Magnesia MgO 4 .5 7 3
Numbers are percentages.
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