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Colleges wage feudal war over TV markets, and the Big Ten and SEC won. For football, they're far stronger than other conferences.
The Big Ten and SEC have supremacy for stadiums and TV ratings. Outside the Big 10 and SEC, the biggest stadiums are Clemson, Florida State, and Notre Dame, and the biggest TV ratings are Notre Dame, Florida State, and Colorado.
Conference runts include Northwestern, Vanderbilt, Stanford, Duke, and Houston.
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Almost all 5-star recruits go to the Power 2.
Almost all 4-star recruits go to the Power 4.
Almost all top-8 quarterback recruits go to the Power 2.
Almost all top-32 quarterback recruits go to the Power 4.
Some schools have more 4-star recruits than 3-star recruits. The SEC has 12 such schools and the Big 10 has 6.
For 2025:
5-star 4-star Top-8 Top-32 Top-16 Top-64
recruits recruits QBs QBs classes classes
Notre Dame 1 14 1 1 1
SEC 21 199 3 11 9 15
Big 10 9 125 5 11 5 16
ACC 1 66 4 1 15
Big 12 37 3 14
Pac 12 1 1 1
AAC 1 1 2
Sun Belt 1
TV revenue drives conference realignment.
Teams States Stadium TV views TV revenue Conf rev NIL 2024 Exit fee Bowl 2024 5-star 4-star 3-star TV contract Fans
Thou/team Mil/game M$/yr/team M$/yr/team M$/team M$/team M$/team recruits recruits recruits end year mil
Notre Dame 1 1 81 3.46 67 22.1 20 32 1 14 9 2029 8.2
SEC 16 12 83 2.14 21 51 16 30 5.40 21 199 148 2034 54.1
Big 10 18 12 72 2.02 21 60.5 11 0 5.99 9 125 260 2030 44.6
Big 12 16 10 55 1.27 12.5 46 6 50 3.13 0 37 304 2031 11.6
ACC 17 9 57 1.01 12.5 43.3 9 120 2.63 1 66 317 2036 23.5
Pac 12 8 6 37 .68 34 0 2.10 0 1 176 5
AAC 14 11 50 .33 5 9 17 .82 0 1 195 3.3
MW 8 6 44 .16 4 6 .40 0 0 178 4
MAC 12 5 32 .072 2.5 .41 0 0 168 2027 .7
CUSA 9 8 32 .099 .8 1.75 .52 0 0 136 2027 1.1
Sun Belt 14 10 13 .085 2 5 .52 0 1 240 2030 1.8
Big Sky 12 0 0 113
MVC 11 0 0 64
UAC 9 0 0 31
Southern 9 0 0 29
Ivy 8 0 0 28
SWAC 12 0 0 15
SLC 9 0 0 13
CAA 16 0 0 13
Patriot 7 0 0 12
MEAC 6 0 0 12
NEC 8 0 0 9
Pioneer 11 0 0 5
Big South 9 0 0 3
Tier 1 tot 68 32 441 1029 Big10, SEC, Big12, ACC, Notre Dame
Tier 2 tot 66 0 3 1113 Pac 12, AAC, MW, MAC, CUSA, Sun
Div II tot 162 5 0 0
Div III tot 240 0 0
The table is for 2025.
There are around 2000 3-star recruits per year.
2/3 of NIL money goes to football.
The playoffs generate $470 million and total TV revenue is $2250 million. The Pac 12 doesn't yet have a long-term TV contract.
The ACC exit fee applies to teams that want to leave before 2036.
It costs $5 million to move from FCS to FBS. Prior to 2024, it cost $5 thousand.
The revenue totaled over all sports and over all Power 5 schools, for 2022, is:
A conference is a rare instance where power is shared equally. This may change. The ACC contract expires in 2030 and the new contract may share revenue unequally.
Million $ %
TV 4227 42
Donors 2206 22
Tickets 1647 16.5
Other 1257 12.6
Bowls 621 6.2
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Food chains:
Big 10 ← Pac 12 ← Mountain West ← CUSA ← Sun Belt ← FCS SEC ← Big 12 ← AAC ← CUSA ← Sun Belt ← FCS
Conference tiers:
Tier 1 Big 10 SEC Notre Dame Tier 2 Big 12 ACC Tier 3 Pac 12 Mountain West MAC AAC CUSA Sun Belt Tier 4 FCS Tier 5 Division 3
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The collapse of the Pac 12 was triggered by the departure of UCLA and USC. 8 more teams left shortly after. This triggered an avalanche that cascaded to lower conferences.
Conference moves:
1990 Indep → Big 10 Penn State
2004 Big E → ACC Miami Virginia T
2005 Big E → ACC Boston C
2010 M West → Big 12 TCU
2011 Big 12 → Big 10 Nebraska
2011 Big 12 → Pac 12 Colorado
2011 M West → Pac 12 Utah
2012 Big 12 → SEC Missouri Texas AM
2012 Big E → Big 12 W Virginia
2013 Big E → ACC Pittsburgh Syracuse
2013 Big E → AAC Temple
2014 ACC → Big 10 Maryland
2014 Big E → Big 10 Rutgers
2014 Big E → ACC Louisville
2023 AAC → Big 12 Houston Cincinnati UCF
2023 Indep → Big 12 BYU
2023 CUSA → AAC UAB Florida Atl Carolina Charl. N Texas Rice UTSA
2023 Indep → CUSA Liberty New Mex St
2023 Ohio V → CUSA Jacksonville St
2023 WAC → CUSA Sam Houston St
2024 Big 12 → SEC Texas Oklahoma
2024 Pac 12 → Big 10 UCLA USC Washington Oregon
2024 Pac 12 → Big 12 Arizona Arizona St Colorado Utah
2024 Pac 12 → ACC Stanford California
2024 ASUN → CUSA Kennesaw St
2024 AAC → ACC SMU
2025 M West → Pac 12 Boise St Colorado St San Diego St Fresno St Utah St
2025 CUSA → MW UTEP
2026 MAC → MW NIU
2026 Sun → Pac 12 Texas St
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Notre Dame plays 5 ACC teams per year. One could imagine Notre Dame switching to Big 10 teams for bigger TV revenue. Playing Big 10 teams also helps if you're a national championship contender, and it gives the Big 10 an edge over the SEC. Notre Dame is at the geographic center of the Big 10 with 6 teams within a 4-hour drive. Notre Dame's schedule in games/year is:
Conference Average 2024 2025 2026 2027 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ACC 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 Big 10 2.5 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 Always USC AAC 1.5 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 Always Navy SEC .5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 MAC 1 2 Big 12 .5 1 1 Mtn West .5 Pacific 0 1 Sun Belt 0 South 0 Total 12 11 10 7 8 8 8 10 7 6 6 5 5 5
"Games/year" is averaged over 2016-2024. We regard USC as always having been in the Big 10, and Stanford and Cal as always having been in the ACC.
Notre Dame's future schedule has space. They play Navy through 2032. Big games include Michigan St in 2027, Alabama in 2030, and Michigan in 2033 and 2034.
Notre Dame is often involved in big non-conference games. Decades ago, there were never enough big non-conference games to properly decide bowls, and Notre Dame was a big help. Today, the Big 10 and SEC dominate, so the bowl picture will be more clear.
The Big 10 teams that Notre Dame plays frequently are USC, Purdue, Michigan State, and Michigan. Notre Dame could potentially join the Big 10. The schedule would be 9 Big 10 teams, Stanford, Navy, and one free game.
Notre Dame plays ACC teams on a rotating schedule. Notre Dame has long-standing rivalries with Pittsburgh and Georgia Tech, but these teams don't get special favoratism today. Notre Dame also has long-standing rivalries with Army and Air Force but rarely plays these teams today.
Notre Dame's rivalries are:
Games W L T
Navy AAC 95 81 13 1
USC B10 91 49 37 5
Purdue B10 85 57 26 2
Michigan St B10 77 47 29 1
Pittsburgh ACC 72 50 21 1
Army AAC 51 39 8 4
Michigan B10 43 17 25 1
Georgia T ACC 37 30 6 1
Stanford ACC 36 22 14
Air Force MW 30 24 6
Miami ACC 26 17 8 1
N Carolina ACC 23 21 2
Boston C ACC 20 17 3
Penn St B10 19 9 9 1
Nebraska B10 16 7 8 1
Florida St ACC 11 5 6
Clemson ACC 8 3 5
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Stanford failed. It has the biggest endowment of private FBS colleges and it failed to get into the Big Ten.
The Ivy League has vast money and could be football powers. It was powerful in the early age of football.
Endowments of FBS private schools in billions of dollars. A "*" indicates a religious college.
Stanford 38
Notre Dame 19 * Catholic. Congregation of Holy Cross
Northwestern 14.2
Duke 11.9 Nonsectarian. Historically Methodist
Vanderbilt 10.2
USC 8.1 Nonsectarian. Historically Methodist
Rice 8.1
BYU 6.9 * Mormon
Boston C 3.8 * Catholic. Jesuit
TCU 2.7 * Christian. Disciples of Christ
Tulane 2.27
SMU 2.12 * Methodist
Syracuse 2.10
Baylor 2.10 * Baptist
Wake Forest 2.0 Nonsectarian. Historically Baptist
Liberty 1.8 * Southern Baptist
Miami 1.59
Endowments of FCS private colleges:
Harvard 52
Yale 41
Princeton 34
Penn 22.3
Columbia 15
Cornell 10.7
Dartmouth 8.3
Brown 6.7
Boston U 3.54 * Methodist
Georgetown 3.6
Villanova 1.33 * Catholic. Augustinian
J Hopkins 13.1
Wash U St L 12.0
Emory 11.0
Chicago 10.1
NYU 6.5
Caltech 4.1
Carnegie Mel 4.0
Williams 3.7
Amherst 3.55
Endowments of Division II and III colleges:
MIT 24.6
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The Pac-12 Conference lost schools to the Big 10, these being UCLA, USC, Washington, and Oregon. To the Big 12 they lost Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and Arizona St. To the ACC they lost Cal and Stanford. The only remaining schools were Washington St and Oregon St. Then the Pace poached from the Mountain West, namely Boise St, Colorado St, San Diego St, and Fresno St.
If the Pacific Conference poaches again, contenders include:
Metro Students Stadium State TV
millions thousands thousands millions mil/game
San Antonio 2.6 35 64 30 .288 Alamodome
Tulane 1.3 14 81 4.6 .480 Superdome
Memphis 1.3 22 58 7.1 .336 Liberty Bowl
UNLV 2.3 31 65 3.2 .287
Cal St San Jose 33 .312
UC San Diego 44
UC Davis 40
UC Irvine 37
UC Riverside 36
UC Santa Barbara 36
UC Santa Cruz 20
Cal St Fullerton 43
Cal St Long Beach 41
Cal St San Diego 39
Cal St Northridge 38
Cal St Sacramento 30
Cal St Pomona 27
Cal St Fresno 24
Cal St Obispo 23
Cal St LA 23
Cal St SF 22
Las Vegas announced that it's staying in the Mountain West. They got a payout to do so.
The status of 5th-most powerful conference is a tie between the Pacific Conference and the AAC. It's wise to poach from the AAC. San Antonio is AAC and it's a big market, a big school, and a big stadium. Triple big. Texas big. It's also a big market with no NFL team, and one of the likeliest places for a new NFL team.
The Pacific conference could also raid Tulane and Memphis from the AAC.
Tourist destinations should be favored, such as Las Vegas, Hawaii, and Tulane. These places are good for November games.
The Mountain West responded by adding El Paso and by giving bonuses to Las Vegas and Air Force. Air Force was being courted by the AAC, where it could join Army and Navy.
The Mountain West will likely add more schools. Contenders include Sacramento St, Texas St, Northern Illinois, and New Mexico St.
It's possible that the Mountain West could recruit from the FCS, and teams under consideration include Idaho, Montana, Montana St, North Dakota St, and South Dakota St.
Conference realignment saw 5 teams relegated from power conferences and 6 teams promoted to power conferences. The promoted teams are all in the Big 12 and these are TCU, BYU, Utah, Cincinnati, Houston, and UCF. The relegated teams were from the Big East and are Connecticut, Temple, and South Florida.
In 2004, there were 6 power football conferences, one of which was the Big East. The Big East had 12 schools, 9 of which defected to other power conferences. The 3 that didn't were relegated and are now minnows. We went from the Power6 to the Power5.
The Pac 12 once had 12 teams. 10 left for other power conferences, leaving 2 behind. Relegation. We're now down to the Power 4.
Texas Christian University achieved upward mobility by winning the Rose Bowl in the 2010 season, and in 2012 they moved from the Mountain West to the Big 12. They made the national championship bracket in 2022.
The Big Ten and SEC deserve their own tier. We could call them "superpowers". The non-superpowers need to adjust. Some might declare independence. We might see an alliance of independents, and independents might form their own version of a conference championship. They could keep an open week on the schedule for spontaneous games.
The Big Ten and the SEC don't need the NCAA. They could secede from the NCAA and go pro. Other conferences will be forced to follow.
The bowl system needs reform. There will be teams from the Big Ten and SEC that have losing records but are worthy of bowls. The problem can be solved by letting everyone play bowls.
Traditionally, bowl games are between teams that are equally-matched in strength. College football will adopt a 12-team bracket in 2026, and the first two rounds will typically be mismatches. The college football postseason will look like the college basketball postseason.
In the 12-team bracket, many teams will play multiple postseason games. Teams outside the bracket might demand to do so as well.
To decide bowl matchups, there is rarely enough information from interconfence games to properly compare conferences, suggesting that we need more than 1 round of bowls. Notre Dame is often a vital benchmark for interconference strength. It would be nice to have more independents.
The future may see future expansion of the playoffs. There will be fights between conferences over playoff spots.
Number of playoff teams Years
0 <1998
2 1998-2013 BCS era
4 2014-2023 Playoff era
12 2024-
Texas has the most FBS teams and New York is weak.
State Power 4 FBS Population (mil) FBS/Pop Texas 7 13 30 .43 California 4 7 39 .18 Florida 4 7 22 .32 N Carolina 4 7 11 .64 Ohio 1 8 12 .67 Alabama 2 6 5.1 1.18 Virginia 2 5 8.7 .57 Michigan 2 5 10 .50 Georgia 2 5 11 .45 Louisiana 1 5 4.6 1.09 Indiana 3 4 6.8 .59 Notre Dame is included in the Power 4 Illinois 2 3 13 .23 Pennsylvania 1 3 13 .23 Mississippi 2 3 2.9 1.03 Arizona 2 2 7.4 .27 Arkansas 1 2 3.4 .59 New York 1 3 20 .15
In the 2020 covid season, during conference championship week, the Big Ten had all teams play a game. The idea wasn't continued the next season.
In the 2020 season, the game between Liberty and Coastal Carolina was canceled, and Liberty scheduled a game with BYU on 3 day's notice.
The Big Ten has 18 teams and the SEC has 16, forcing them to adjust their scheduling systems. Divisions will be scrapped, and the new systems will favor local games and traditional rivalries.
Conference championship week could be more flexible. Sometimes it's strategic to have a conference championship game and sometimes not. Sometimes the conference championship is already decided before the championship game, in which case it's strategic for the top teams to play teams from other conferences. A pre-bowl game.
The Pac 12 is now the Pac 2. Washington State and Oregon State need to make a move. An option is to go independent and dare more teams to follow. Another option is to invite the best of the Mountain West, and this would consist of San Jose State, San Diego State, UNLV, Utah State, Colorado State, Boise State, and Hawaii. Another option is to join the Mountain West.
Yale once had the biggest football stadium. It's simple. A hole in the ground was dug and the dirt became a rim. It's a crater. It had a capcity of 60k. The first game was against Harvard and it sold out.
The Yale bowl inspired more crater-style stadiums, such as at USC and Michigan.
Capacity Year
Circus Maximus 300000 -600
Delphi 6500 -350
Roman Colosseum 75000 80
Panatheniac 50000 144
Yale 61446 1914
Manchester, UK 76962 1910 Old Trafford
Glasgow, Scotland 125000 1910 Hampden Park
Ohio State 66210 1922
USC 77500 1923
UCLA 90000 1923 Rose Bowl
Michigan 107601 1927
Some schools have more 4-star recruits than 3-star recruits. The SEC has 11 such schools and the Big 10 has 6.
5-star 4-star 3-star
Notre Dame 1 14 9
Georgia 5 20 2
Texas AM 1 20 4
LSU 2 19 2
Auburn 1 17 8
Alabama 3 16 2
Florida 1 16 10
Tenn 1 16 8
Texas 5 14 6
S Carolina 13 13
Oklahoma 1 11 6
Missouri 11 6
Miss 10 12
Kentucky 7 14
Miss St 4 24
Arkansas 3 20
Vanderbilt 2 11
Penn St 20 8
Ohio St 3 18 5
Oregon 3 15 1
Michigan 2 15 7
Nebraska 12 8
USC 1 12 12
Washington 8 19
Wisconsin 7 16
Maryland 6 15
Rutgers 4 25
Iowa 4 12
Minnesota 3 19
UCLA 2 20
Michigan St 1 17
Illinois 1 21
Indiana 1 22
Purdue 1 13
Northwestern 0 20
Miami 16 5
Florida St 13 10
Clemson 1 6 8
In college football, the regular season matters. The postseason consists of only one bowl game.
Home field advantage matters more for the NFL than for the NBA, hence the NFL regular season is more important than the NBA regular season.
For any given sport, the fewer teams in the playoffs, the more important the regular season. MLB has only 12 postseason teams.
The English Premier League has no postseason. The winner is decided purely by the regular season.
Playoff Total
teams teams
MLB 12 30
NFL 14 32
NHL 16 32
NBA 16 30
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In the NFL, each regular season win tends to increase the playoff seed by 1.
The following table gives the average number of regular season wins for each seed, using data from 2007-2016. The regular season has 16 games.
Seed Wins Privilege 1 13.3 Home field for the quarterfinal and semifinal. Wildcard bye 2 12.1 Home field for the quarterfinal. Wildcard bye 3 10.9 Home field for the wildcard game. 4 9.2 Home field for the wildcard game. 5 11.0 6 10.0Seeds 1-4 go to division winners and seeds 5-6 go to the best records among the remaining teams.
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Home field advanage can be especially important for cold-weather teams like the Packers.
In the NBA, the regular season has little impact on the playoffs. For example,
suppose the Milwaukee Bucks are the best team and they win the conference and
gain the #1 seed. In the conference playoffs they can expect to face the 8th, 4th,
and 2nd seeds.
If the Bucks decide to slack and place 8th, they can expect to face the
1st, 2nd, and 3rd seeds in the playoffs. But since the Bucks are the best team,
the 1st seed is the 2nd best team, the 2nd seed is the 3rd best team, etc.
The following table gives the average number of games won by each seed, using
data from 2009-2016. The regular season has 82 games.
The difference between the 1st and 8th seeds is typically 20 games. That's a lot
of slack.
College football and college basketball dominate the pro minor leagues. For most other sports, pro minor
leagues dominate colleges.
The contenders for quarterback GOAT are Manning, Unitas, and Rodgers. Brady has
retired and may be eclipsed by Rodgers.
To quantify quarterbacks, we use Pro Bowls and playoff success.
Everyone with at least 10 Pro Bowl points is in the Hall of Fame.
Among quarterbacks that are active or recently retired, the ones guaranteed the
Hall are Brady, Rodgers, Brees, Roethlisberger, and Mahomes, and Wilson.
Rivers is on the bubble.
There are Hall of Famers with few Pro Bowl points but big postseason success, such as
Bradshaw and Aikman.
Kemp, Lamonica, and Clark should be in the Hall of Fame.
They have overwhelmingly enough points.
Roethlisberger will make the Hall because of postseason success.
Young quarterbacks have won MVPs in recent years, such as Mahones, Newton, and
Jackson. Many young playes make the Pro Bowl.
Ranker.com has a quarterback ranking, which reflects the public's feelings.
The public tends to favor playoff points over pro bowl points.
It has happened only once that a quarterback was MVP but not all-pro 1st team,
and the quarterback is Elway.
The MVP is a quarterback 2/3 of the time.
The NFL MVP award began in 1957, and the first Pro Bowl was 1951.
The NFC and AFC each designae
3 pro bowl quarterbacks. The NFL selects a quarterback as
all-pro 1st team, and another as 2nd team.
Rank of teams played in playoffs
If the Bucks play hard and place 1st in the conference: 2nd, 4th, and 8th
If the Bucks slack and place 8th in the conference: 2nd, 4rd, and 3rd
No matter what, the Bucks will face the 2nd and 4th ranked team. The only difference
between playing hard and slacking is that they have to play the 3rd ranked team
instead of the 8th ranked team.
Seed Wins
1 60.8
2 55.9
3 52.2
4 49.9
5 47.6
6 45.2
7 43.7
8 41.9
The Australian Football League has a bracket that's better than single-elimination.
It has big games early on, and high-seeded teams can take a loss without being eliminated.
Rodgers outclasses Brady head-to-head. For the years in which they both played the full season:
Rodgers Brady
2009 Pro Bowl Pro Bowl
2010 - MVP
2011 MVP Pro Bowl
2012 All-Pro #1 Pro Bowl
2014 MVP Pro Bowl
2015 Pro Bowl Pro Bowl
2016 Pro Bowl All-Pro #2
2018 Pro Bowl -
2019 Pro Bowl -
2020 MVP -
2021 MVP All-Pro #2
During this time, Rodgers has 4 MVPs and Brady has 1. Rodgers has 10 pro bowl appearances and Brady has 8.
Manning outclasses Rodgers head-to-head, but by a small margin. For the years in which they both played the full season:
Rodgers Manning
2008 - MVP
2009 Pro Bowl MVP
2010 - Pro Bowl
2011 MVP -
2012 Pro Bowl #2 Pro Bowl #1
2013 - MVP
2014 MVP Pro Bowl
2015 Pro Bowl -
Manning has 3 MVPs and Rodgers has 2. Manning has 6 Pro Bowls and Rodgers has 5.
Timeline:
1920 NFL begins 1939-1942 All-Star games 1951 First Pro Bowl 1960 AFL begins 1966 First Super Bowl, between the NFL and the AFL 1969 AFL final season 1970 First season with the NFC-AFC format 1983-1985 United States Football League 1994 NFL salary cap starts 2024 First season of the United Football League
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The official world golf rankings are decided by the OWGR, a board with 7 members. The OWGR is a smoke-filled room whose methodology isn't public. The board consists of:
Board member Tournaments The PGA Tour The Tour Championship, The Player's Championship The PGA European Tour International Golf Federation The US Golf Association U.S. Open The PGA of America PGA Championship Augusta National Masters R&A Golf Club of St. Andrews British Open
Two board seats go to the largest tours, which are the PGA Tour and the PGA European Tour. Another seat goes to the International Golf Federation, which administers amateur golf plus a set of pro golf tours. Four seats go to the owners of the Majors, which are The U.S. Open, The PGA Championship, The Masters Tournament, and the British Open.
Each tour has a season prize money total and a season ranking points total. The LIV is the second largest tour by money and gets no ranking points.
The PGA Tour bans players that play LIV. Nevertheless, many PGA Tour players joined LIV. PGA Tour members are holding conferences to discuss the matter, and there will likely be antitrust lawsuits.
The OWGR is generous to small tours. The smaller the tour, the larger the ratio of points/money tends to be.
Many 2nd tier tours are funded by a 1st tier tour, such as the PGA Korn Ferry Tour.
The European Tour has a set of premier events called the "Rolex Series", namely The Scottish Open, The BMW PGA Championship, The Abu Dhabi Golf Championship, and the Dubai Desert Classic. Each has a purse of $8 million. The European Tour final event is the DP World Tour Championship Dubai, with a purse of $10 million.
Season totals:
Money Points Points/Money
M$ Points/M$
PGA Tour 428 1786 4.2
LIV 225 0 0
PGA European Tour 119 886 7.4
Asian Tour 25 211 8.4
Japan Golf Tour 21 249 11.9
PGA Korn Ferry 20 364 18.2 USA
Korean Tour 14.6 145 9.9
Euro Challenge Tour 7.2 290 40.3
PGA Austalasia 4.4 2.1 .5
PGA Tour China 2.7 78 28.9
Pro Golf Tour India 2.3 50 21.7
PGA Latinoamerica 2.10 72 34.3
PGA Tour Canada 1.53 56 36.6
Japan Challenge Tour 1.53 50 32.7
Asian Development 1.5 60 40.0
Sunshine 1.42 71 50.0 Africa
U.S. Open 17.5 100 5.7 Major
Masters 15 100 6.7 Major
PGA Championship 15 100 6.7 Major
The Open Champ 14 100 7.1 Major. British Open
Player's Champ 20 80 4.0
The Tour Champ - 39 - Final PGA tournament
World Golf Champ 12 74 6.2
"PGA Tour" includes all tour events except the majors and The Tour Championship.
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The Hall snubs steroid cheaters, including Bonds, Clemens, Rodriguez, Sheffield, Ramirez, McGwire, Sosa, and Pettitte.
Admission to the Hall requires 75% of the vote, and if you don't make it after 10 years of voting, you're removed from the ballot. The votes are:
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Years Steroids Homers OBS+ ERA In Hall
% % % % on ballot of Fame
Ichiro Suzuki 100 117 .757 *
CC Sabathia 87 3.74 *
Adrian Beltre 95 477 *
Joe Mauer 76 143 *
David Ortiz 78 541 .931 *
Todd Helton 52 72 80 369 .953 *
Scott Rolen 63 76 316 .855 *
Billy Wagner 51 68 74 82 2.31 *
Carlos Beltran 46 57 70 84 435 .837 * Cheated at the World Series by stealing signs
Andruw Jones 41 58 62 66 78 434 *
Chase Utley 29 40 59 3 259
Andy Pettitte 11 17 14 28 48 8 * 3.85
Felix Hernandez 21 46 2
Alex Rodriguez 34 36 35 37 40 5 * 696 .930
Bobby Abreu 9 15 15 20 31 7 288 .870
Jimmy Rollins 9 13 15 18 25 5 231
Cole Hamels 24 1
Dustin Pedroia 21 2
Mark Buehrle 6 11 8 11 20 6 3.81
Omar Vizquel 24 20 18 18 18 9 80
Franc. Rodriguez 11 8 10 12 4
Torii Hunter 5 7 7 5 9 6 353
David Wright 6 8 15 3
Barry Bonds 66 Out * 762 1.051
Mark McGwire Out * 583 .982 Highest percentage was 24%
Sammy Sosa 18 Out * 609 .878
Roger Clemens 65 Out * 3.12
Gary Sheffield 41 55 64 Out * 509 .907
Rafael Palmeiro Out * 569 .885 Highest percentage was 4%
Manny Ramirez 29 33 32 34 39 Out * 555 .996
Babe Ruth 714 1.164 *
Ted Williams 1.116 *
Lou Gherig 1.080
Aaron Judge 1.028 Active
Mike Trout .976 Active
Shohei Ohtani .957 Active
Juan Soto .948 Active
"Years on ballot" is the number of years they've been on the ballot as of 2025.
Each elector gets 7 votes.
Jim Devlin was a pitcher with an ERA of 1.90, but was banned from baseball for colluding with gamblers.
All retired players with at least 493 home runs made the Hall of Fame, except for steroid cheats.
Homers Steroids In Hall of Fame OBS+
Barry Bonds 762 * 1.051
Hank Aaron 755 *
Babe Ruth 714 * 2.277 ERA
Albert Pujols 703 .918 Retired in 2022
Alex Rodriguez 696 * .930
Willie Mays 660 *
Ken Griffey Jr. 630 *
Jim Thome 612 *
Sammy Sosa 609 * .878
Frank Robinon 586 *
Mark McGwire 583 *
Harmon Killebrew 573 *
Rafael Palmeiro 569 *
Reggie Jackson 563 *
Manny Ramirez 555 *
Mike Schmidt 548 *
...
Gary Sheffield 509 *
Miguel Cabrera 507 Active
Nelson Cruz 459 Active
Aaron Judge 220 Active
Aaron Judge holds the single-season home run record if you exclude steroid cheats.
Homers Year Steroids
Barry Bonds 73 2001 *
Mark McGwire 70 1998 *
Sammy Sosa 68 1998 *
Aaron Judge 62 2022
Roger Maris 61 1961
Babe Ruth 60 1927
Babe Ruth 59 1921
Giancarlo Stanton 59 2017
Jimmy Foxx 58 1932
Hank Greenberg 58 1938
Ryan Howard 58 2006
Mark McGwire 58 1997 *
Luis Gonzalez 57 2001
Alex Rodriguez 57 2002 *
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The NFL gets revenue from TV and merchandise and shares it equally between teams. League revenue is $344 million/team/year, 52% of which goes to players and the rest goes to owners. Teams also make their own revenue from tickets and other sources that averages $190 million per team, much less than league revenue.
Teams have widely varying team revenue. Many make more than 300 million/year and many make less than 150 million/year. Owning an NFL team is a secure investment. You could have weak ticket sales and still make money from league revenue, and the league is paying the players. The NFL is a good club to be in.
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Many states don't have an NFL team but lean toward a nearby NFL team. For the Patriots' state population, we include Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. For the Panthers, we include North and South Carolina. For the Chiefs, we include Kansas and Missouri. For the Broncos, we include Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.
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The United Football League has teams where there is no NFL team, at San Antonio, Saint Louis, Memphis, and Birmingham.
The most obvious place for a new team is San Antonio, because it's a big market, because Dallas and Houstion have big team earmings, and because Texas is the 2nd-most populous state. The states with 3 teams are California, Florida, and New York.
Oklahoma City and Salt Lake City are good places for a new team. Both have NBA teams.
San Diego and Saint Louis once had NFL teams but lost them. Portland and Sacramento are in poor economic shape. Orlando and Columbus don't deserve a team because there are nearby NFL teams and the nearby teams have weak revenue. Birmingham hosted all USFL games but the city lost money and the league had weak revenue. The XFL teams in markets without an NFL team are San Antonio, Saint Louis, and Portland.
In Canada, the big markets are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
The places that deserve a new team are San Antonio, Oklahoma City, Salt Lake City, Toronto, Montreal, Europe, and Asia. A weak team could move to a better market. A team could also play in multiple cities, bringing games to small markets.
The Bills could change its name to the Great Lakes Bills and play most of its games in Toronto, while keeping a subset of games at Buffalo.
The name "Carolina" is diplomatic because it doesn't specify a city, and because it encompases both North and South Carolina. The stadium is on the border of the 2 states.
The name "Tennessee" is diplomatic. The team is at the center of the state and it's near the north border with Kentucky. The team could have been called the Appalachia Titans, and could potentially play games in Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Arkansas, and West Virginia.
The big college stadiums that are far from an NFL team are Oklahoma, Oklahoma State, Nebraska, Iowa, Iowa State, West Virginia, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Oregon. There are no big stadiums in Montana or its surrounding states. The big stadiums in Canada are in Montreal, Edmonton, and Vancouver. Toronto's stadium is small.
NFL teams are worth on average $4.5 billion and the Cowboys are worth $7.6 billion. Entering a new team in the NFL would likely cost at least $6 billion.
NFL Europe ran from 1995-2007. In the final season there were 5 teams were in Germany and 1 in Amsterdam. The German teams were Frankfurt, Rhein, Berlin, Cologne, and Hamburg. There were once teams in London, Scotland, and Barcelona, but they were replaced by German teams.
Many nations can support an NFL team, such as Canada, Mexico, England, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and India. These nations have lots of large stadiums. The NFL has played 33 games in London, 5 in Mexico City, and 1 in Germany.
America has a pro rugby league 12 teams and an ESPN contract, and this is an opportunity for markets without an NFL team. At present, all pro rugby teams are in big markets. It costs 4 million dollars to enter a team into Major League Rugby. Most American colleges have a rugby team.
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Green Bay is a small town and the Packers have big team revenue.
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NFL, NBA, and MLB teams tend to be in the same places. The markets with an NBA team and no NFL team are Oklahoma, Sacramento, Portland, Salt Lake City, and Toronto. The markets with an NFL team and no NBA team are Las Vegas, Seattle, Kansas City, Tampa Bay, and Buffalo. We consider Jacksonville and Orlando to be the same market, and we consider Green Bay and Milwaukee to be the same market.
The large markets that don't have an NFL, NBA, MLB, or NHL team are Virginia and Montreal.
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NHL and MLS teams are often in different places from NFL teams.
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Baseball AAA teams exist in places without major league teams.
The biggest stadiums are:
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Teams have an average attendance of 570,000 people/year, the average ticket price is $107, and the average team ticket revenue is $61 million.
In 2022, the Packers got $344 million of league revenue and $235 million of team revenue, totaling $579 million. Expenses were $501 million and profit was $78 million. League TV revenue is $312 million and local TV and radio revenue is $92 million. The Packers' team revenue is:
% Million $
Local TV & radio 39 92
Tickets 20 47
Merchandise 16 38
Property 15 35
Concessions 6 14
Luxury boxes 5 12
The Packers' team expenses are:
%
Players 61
Administration 14
Team expenses 12
Marketing 10
Game expenses 3
Revenue:
Million $
NFL 17000
American college football 4000
Canadian Football League 180
USFL 50
Fan Controlled Football 20
XFL 14
Arena Football League 13
The playoffs are 10% of TV viewership. For 2022,
Viewers/Game Total viewers
millions millions
Super Bowl 112 112
Conference round 50 100
Divisional round 36 144
Wildcard round 29 174
Regular season 16.7 4540
A team needs a city and a stadium. For states without an NFL team, the candidates are:
City Metro pop State pop Stadium Stadium site
Mil Mil capacity
Oklahoma Oklahoma C 2.8 3.9 86112 Oklahoma U
Utah Provo 2.7 3.4 63470 Brigham Young U
Iowa Iowa City .28 3.2 70586 Iowa U
Iowa Ames .89 3.2 61500 Iowa State U
Nebraska Lincoln .26 2.0 86047 Nebraska U
W Virginia Morgantown .11 1.8 60000 West Virginia U
The NFL could open up to interleague play by eliminating the salary cap.
Buying into a league costs money.
League Revenue Buy-in Average Attendance New team Year Teams Teams outside Candidates
B$/year M$ pay (M$) average USA
Football NFL 19 ~4000 2.7 67000 ? Future 32 0 No near-term candidates
Baseball MLB 11 ~2000 4.2 27000 ? Future 30 1 Vegas
Basketball NBA 10.3 ~2000 7.7 18000 ? Future 30 1 Vegas, Seattle, Vancouver
Hockey NHL 5.3 650 3.2 18000 Seattle Kraken 2018 32 7 Houston, Kansas City, Quebec C, Toronto
Soccer MLS 1.6 325 .051 21000 San Diego 2025 30 3 Vegas
Rugby MLR ~.4 4 .04 2200 Miami Sharks 2024 8 1 No near-term candidates. Teams are folding
Football NCAA 4.0
Football CFL .2 9 9
Football UFL .04 8 0
Football USFL .050 .053 8 0
Football FCF .020 8 0
Football XFL .014 .05 8 0
Football Arena .013 16 0
Basketball WNBA .54 50 .12 5700 Future 12 0 No near-term candidates
Soccer NWSL 50 .038 7900 Utah Royals 2024 16 0 Atlanta, Austin, Cincinnati, Salt Lake, Columbus, San Francisco
Soccer USLS .037 9 0
Hockey PWHL .015 Montreal Force 2022 7 2
Rugby WER 6 0
Soccer England 1 6.6 400 38000 20 20 Promotion/relegation system
Baseball Japan 1 1.18 31000 12 12
Cricket India 1 1.18 30000 12 12
Rugby Australia 1 .96 33000 18 18
Rugby England 1 .25 14500 11 11
Football Canada 1 .18 23000 9 9
Las Vegas and Seattle just built NHL stadiums, which can also be basketball stadiums. A hockey sideline is 5.5 meters farther out than a basketball sideline. They just established NHL teams and they're looking to establish NBA teams.
NFL teams range in value from 3 to 8 billion dollars. English Premiere League soccer teams are worth between .5 and 5 billion dollars.
Moves and exits:
Old team New team Year
Football NFL Oakland Raiders Las Vegas 2020
SD Chargers LA Chargers 2017
St. Louis Rams LA 2016
Houston Texans Tennessee Titans 1997
LA Raiders Oakland 1995
LA Rams St Louis 1995
St Louis Cardinal Arizona 1988
Baltimore Colts Indianapolis 1984
Oakland Raiders LA 1982
Basketball NBA New Jersey Brooklyn 2012
Seattle Oklahoma City 2008
Charlotte New Orleans 2002
Vancouver Memphis 2001
Soccer Women's Utah Kansas City 2020
Boston Breakers Exit 2017
Kansas City Utah 2016
W New York Flash North Carolina 2016
Rugby MLR Austin Exit 2023
Los Angeles Exit 2023
Colorado Exit 2020
Basketball Women's San Antonio Las Vegas 2018
Tulsa Dallas 2016
Detroit Tulsa 2010
Sacramento Exit 2009
Houston Exit 2008
Charlotte Exit 2006
Utah San Antonio 2003
Orlando Connecticut 2003
Cleveland Exit 2003
Miami Exit 2002
Portland Exit 2002
Regions with lots of teams:
Football Basketball Baseball Hockey Soccer Rugby Soccer Basketball Hockey Rugby Cricket Softball
Men Men Men Men Men Men Women Women Women Women Men Women
New York City 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Los Angeles 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
San Francisco 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Chicago 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Philadelphia 1 1 1 1 1
DC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Boston 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dallas 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Minneapolis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Miami 1 1 1 1 1 1
Denver 1 1 1 1 1 1
Phoenix 1 1 1 1 1
Milwaukee 1 1 1 Packers included
Las Vegas 1 * 1 1 * 1
Salt Lake City 1 1 1 1
Houston 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 3
Atlanta 1 1 1 1 1 1
Detroit 1 1 1 1
North Carolina 1 1 1 1
Tennessee 1 1 1 1
Seattle 1 * 1 1 1 1 1 1 * 1
Tampa Bay 1 1 1
Indianapolis 1 1 1
New Orleans 1 1 1
Kansas City 1 1 * 1 1
Baltimore 1 1
Saint Louis 1 1 *
Toronto 1 1 1 1 1 1
Salt Lake City 1 1 1 1
Oklahoma City 1
San Antonio 1 * 1
Portland 1 1 1
San Diego 1 1 1
Montreal 1 1
Vancouver *
Ottawa 1
A "*" indicates that an expansion team is under consideration.
The table shows the contributons for stadium constructon.
Team Public Private Total Year
M$ M$ M$ M$
Buffalo Bills Buffalo 350 850 200 1400 Future NFL
Tennessee Titans Nashville 840 500 760 2100 Future NFL
Las Vegas Raiders Las Vegas 1100 750 0 1850 2020 NFL + college football + Las Vegas Bowl
Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles 5500 2020 NFL + LA Bowl
Las Vegas Knights Las Vegas 56 0 319 375 2017 NHL
Atlanta Falcons Atlanta 1500 2014 NFL + Peach Bowl + SEC conf champ game
Minnesota Vikings Minneapolis 1100 2013 NFL
San Francisco 49 San Francisco 1300 2012 NFL + San Francisco Bowl
New York Giants E. Rutherford 1700 2010 NFL + XFL
Dallas Cowboys Dallas 1480 2009 NFL + Cotton Bowl
The sports industry has inertia that resists rules reform and the invention of news sports. Most sports have awkward rules and better sports are possible. The most glaring need is for a better tackle sport, because the rules for football and rugby are awkward.
Rules should be simple and elegant. Good examples include soccer, hockey, and tennis, and bad examples include football, rugby, baseball, and basketball.
Football has the negative that it requires many refs.
A sport should accomodate a diversity of body types. Rugby has roles for everyone, regardless of size. Basketball overemphasizes height.
A sport should minimize equipment. Football and hockey require excessive equipment, whereas soccer requires only a ball.
For football, the XFL courageously experiments with the rules.
Rugby and soccer have too many players.
Either the number of players can be reduced or the number of balls can be increased.
Soccer rules are compact and football rules aren't. The football rulebook is thick and many refs are needed.
Delete the offsides rule. It's unnatural and requires extra policing.
Add territory behind the goal, like hockey.
Decrease the number of players or increase the number of balls.
Increase goal width. Don't increase height. Goal height is already appropriate for a goalie of average height.
Give tennis courts lines for pickleball, and make nets adjustible to handle both tennis and pickleball.
The ball is loud. Design a quieter ball. Same for foosball.
Tennis scoring has the virtue that you can make a comeback even if way behind. On the other hand, you don't know how many sets a match will have. Other sports could adopt a scoring system analogous to tennis, which eliminates trash time. For example, a football game could be played with 5 periods, with 1 point for winning a period and half a point for tying. Play overtime if necessary.
Sports should have multiple kinds of turf. Football has grass and artificial turf. It has indoor and outdoor stadiums.
Tennis has diverse surfaces.
Make the goal substantially wider and taller.
Make the goalie wear a standard jersey. Not oversized. Make the pads minimum width. Use a standard stick.
Make the puck rounded at the edges to be easier to lift.
Have a period that's 5-on-5. Or, have 7-on-7 with 2 pucks.
Eliminate the kick. It's too powerful.
Eliminate the lineout. If the ball goes out of bounds, treat it like a soccer throw-in, and require that the pass be backward.
Eliminate the scrum. It's dangerous.
Have a version of the game with 11 players.
Have more than 1 referee.
Delete rucks. If you get the ball to the ground, you get a clean restart.
You get a maximum of 4 downs before the ball turns over.
Have an overhead drone to call forward passes and knocks. Equip the ball with sensors.
The goalpost legs are at the 0 yard line. Move them back and out of the end zone, like football goalposts.
Ping pong is perfect. It fits indoors. You can be skilled even if not athletic.
Widen fairways at the range of 300 yards to reward heavy hitters.
Outlaw putters that are longer than a driver.
Rangefinders improve the speed of amateurs.
Penalize slow players.
Allow players with a weak drive to use a hot ball for drives.
A hot ball increases the skill demands for driving.
Let the crowd cheer when the player is shooting. A pro should be able to hit precisely even if there's noise.
Allow colorful attire for professional golf.
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A dart board should be like archery, with concetric scoring.
Make the dart board an oval, more tall than wide, because vertical accuracy is less than horizontal accuracy.
An archery target has rings that are all the same width. Rings should widen as they go out. For example:
N Points Ring outer
radius
1 8 1
2 7 1.5
3 6 2
4 5 3
5 4 4
6 3 6
7 2 8
8 1 12
You could further make ring radii exponential, where "1.5" is replaced by "sqrt(2)". "3" is replaced by "2*sqrt(2)", etc.
Ring radius = 2(N-1)/2 Ring area = π 2N-2 except for the ring "N=1", which has an area of pi
It may be desirable to make the inner ring smaller, to preserve the progression of ring areas. Perhaps make the inner ring radius "3/4".
If the projectile radius is a substantial fraction of ring width, it may be desirable to move ring radii inward.
Eliminate the catch rule. Be able to wantonly hurl balls at people without worry.
Use foam balls, like Nerf balls.
Use points. If you score a hit, it's a point. Don't remove the hit player. Keep the game sporting.
Delete the kickoff. It's dangerous.
Give the ball sensors that can measure its precise position, especially the positions of the ends of the football.
Give the uniforms sensors. Knee sensors can measure the instant that a knee touches the turf, and football sensors can measure where the football is at this moment.
Equip tables with sensors and mechanics to keep them level.
Have 2 cue balls, one for each player.
Have 2 black balls, one for each player.
Have more than 7 object balls per player.
Have a variation involving putting. Use large balls.
Wrestling has weight classes. Basketball should have height classes. For example, specify 5 height classes, and there must be a player on the court that satifies each class. Or, specify an overall height, and the combined height of players on the court must be less than the overall height.
Delete the 3 point rule.
Delete the paint rule.
Delete free throws. They're boring. If there's a foul, give 2 points.
Mic the players and give fans options for which mics to hear. Also mic the sidelines.
Equip balls and uniforms with electronics.
A human carries another human in the style of piggy back. The human on top has a long racquet capable of reaching the ground.
Keg throw & stone throw.
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For a sport or board game, define "depth" as the difference between an average player and the world champion, using Elo ratings. For board games, define "computer depth" as the difference between an average player and an infinite computer. The current computer world champion gives a lower bound.
The goal is to design sports and board games with big depth.
Checkers was solved by computer. A computer can force a draw in checkers. Chess, go, shogi, and Chinese chess haven't been solved. Commputers are getting stronger with no sign of topping out. Tic Tac Toe has zero depth because an average player can force a draw against an infinite computer.
Elo ratings:
Human Computer Average #1024 #128 #1 Computer Infinite Date that a computer
depth depth human human human human computer surpassed the #1 human
Go 3262 >5400 600 2400 3348 3862 5400 >6000 2016
Shogi 2200 >5000 600 1900 2800 4800 >5600
Chinese Chess 1983 800 2397 2783
Chess 1631 >2800 1200 2453 2620 2831 3642 >4000 1997
Checkers 1240 1600 1200 2000 2232 2440 >2814 ~3000 1994 Solved in 2007
Stratego 858 >1000 100 497 958 >1100 <2022
Tic Tac Toe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soccer 2600
Tennis 2400
Golf 2000
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Elo ratings are rigged so that if the ratings difference is 200 points, the stronger player wins with 3/4 probability.
In the chart, ratings are normalized so that the world champion has a rating of 0.
Ratings for chess, checkers, go, and tennis have the most number of players.
Elo ratings can't bridge a gap beyond 200 directly. To compare players with a large difference in strength, you need to ladder between them. For example, if team A is 200 points strongerk than team B, and team B is 200 points stronger than team C, we say that team A is 400 points stronger than team C. You can't compare teams A and C directly.
We often normalize ratings so that a difference in strengh of unity corresponds to the stronger player winning with 3/4 probability. We divide Elo by 200.
A sport can be characterized by how upset prone it is. Sports like baseball and soccer are upset prone and sports like tennis aren't.
In the above chart, the more shallow the slope, the greater the chance of upsets. Define the "oligarchiness" of a league by the negative slope.
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Tennis ratings span all ages, and they link the genders.
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European leagues are stronger than non-European leagues. The American Premier League (Major League Soccer) has the same strength as the English tier 3 league.
The table shows examples of league tiers. The deepest tier system is English soccer, with 20 tiers.
Tier Baseball Soccer England Football USA college Tennis Golf
USA World World
1 Major Premiere League Big 10, SEC, Notre Dame ATP 500 PGA, LIV
2 AAA EFL Champ Big 12, ACC ATP 250 European Tour
3 AA EFL 1 Pac 12, AAC, MW, MAC, CUSA, Sun ATP 125 Korn Ferry, Asia, Korea, Japan, etc.
4 A+ EFL 2 FCS ATP 100 Handicap <= 1
5 A Nat. League Division 2 ATP 75 Handicap <= 9
6 Rookie+ Nat. League 2 Division 3 ATP 50 Handicap <= 18
7 Rookie Tier 7 ITF Handicap <= 27
8 Am baseball Tier 8 Handicap <= 36
9 Tier 9 Handicap > 36
League Tiers
Soccer England 20
Brazil 9
USA 4
Baseball USA 8
Rugby England 11
Football USA college 6
USA 4
Hockey USA & Canada 3
Golf World 9
Tennis World 7
All are pro leagues unless otherwise specified.
The English FA Cup includes tiers 1-9 and gives data for comparing tiers. The FA Vase compares tiers 9 and 10.
Tier of the Tier of the Probability that the
stronger team weaker team stronger team wins
1 2 .80
2 3 .58
3 4 .60
4 5 .64
5 6 .63
6 7 .66
7 8 .66
8 9 .71
9 10 .74
Convert to Elo:
Elo = 200 (Win_probability - .5) / .25
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"Rank #1" is the tier 1 champion, "Rank #20" is the tier 1 bottom team, "Rank #21" is the tier 2 champion, "Rank #44" is the tier 2 bottom team, etc.
Over the past 12 years, the winner was always tier 1.
Tiers 19 and 20 have few teams and so we exclude them and consider England to have 18 tiers.
Tiers 1-18 have 6461 teams. English has 5 million men from age 20 to 30, and if they all play soccer, its 250000 teams. England could have around 5 more tiers.
The table gives yardages for golf tees.
Tee Player Course Hole Drive Score Drive Fairway Par Par Par Green Birds Bogeys Par 3 Par 4 Par 5 Eagle Hole in 1
yard yard yard mph % 3 4 5 % % %
Black PGA 7344 408 300 71.1 113 61 3.05 4.02 4.60 66.7 3.84 2.51 13.5 17.4 47.3 .62 .04
Blue 7200 400
PGA Senior 6800 377 279 71.5 106 65.4 3.09 4.08 4.69 68.0 3.06 2.83 12.0 14.8 40.1 .47
White Scratch man 6600 367 260 72.0
White Average man 6600 367 216 86.2 73.4 50 .007
LPGA 6400 356 260 72.0 94 73
Yellow 6200 344
Red Average woman 5800 322 148 100.7 67.5
Green 5400 300
Gap between PGA & WPGA 944 52 40 -.9 19
The probability for a hole-in-one is for par 3s.
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In the plot, points are normalized so that the rank #1 team gets 1 point. The un-normalized point systems are:
Rank World F-1 Indy NASCAR Tennis Golf Bowling Tour de Science
Cup ski ATP PGA PBA France Olympiad
1 100 25 50 10 2000 600 7500 50 60
2 80 18 40 9 1200 330 4500 30 59
3 60 15 35 8 720 210 3450 20 58
4 50 12 32 7 720 150 2850 18 57
5 45 10 30 6 360 120 2550 16 56
6 40 8 28 5 360 110 14 55
7 36 6 26 4 360 100 12 54
8 32 4 24 3 360 94 10 53
9 29 2 22 2 180 88 8 52
10 26 1 20 1 180 82 7 51
11 24 1 19 180 77 6 50
12 22 18 180 72 5 49
13 20 17 180 68 4 48
14 18 16 180 64 3 47
15 16 15 180 61 2 46
16 15 14 180 59 45
32 2 5 90 28 29
64 45 4.76
128 10
For the Tour de France, points are awarded for each stage, and at the end of the tour, the points winner is honored as the sprint champion.
The NASCAR and Science Olympiad functions are goofy because they give too little emphasis to top finishers. The tennis and golf functions give too much emphasis to top finishers.
The Science Olympiad function is for 2001 and after. Before 2001, the Science Olympiad used NASCAR scoring.
Ideally, the score function should have a linear shape in a plot where the X axis is logarithmic. Sports with a sensible scoring function include Formula-1, Indy racing, and World Cup skiing.
Suppose there are 64 players. A point function that gives a linear shape in the plot is:
Rank Points 1 6 2 5 4 4 8 3 16 2 32 1 64 0
In a single-elimination tournament with 64 players, points corresponds to the number of games won.
This can be expressed as
Points = -log2(Rank/64)
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A team's rating is calculated from its scores from events (event = tournament). For each event, a team has a rank, and the score is:
Rank Score 1 6 2 5 4 4 8 3 16 2 32 1 64 0 128 0
In general,
Score = -log2(Rank/64)
The score has a floor. If the score is less than zero, it's set to zero.
Rating for team t = Tt Rank of team t in event e = Rte Team constant = r = 64 Number of events per team = N = 5 Use a team's best 5 results
A team's overall score is the average of scores from their best 5 tournaments.
Tt = N-1 ∑e -log2(Rte/r)
Terms in the sum have a floor of zero.
The team rating can be refined by including event rartings. An event rating is determined by the sum of the strengths of the teams participating.
Rating for event e = Ee Rating of the highest-rated event = Emax
Ee = log2[ Emax-1 ∑t Tt]
To include event ratings in the team rating,
Tt = N-1 ∑e [-log2(Rte/r) + Ee]
Terms in the sum have a floor of zero.
T and E are interdependent. They can be separated with a convergence algorithm. Initialize Ee=0 for all e and compute T. Use T to compute E. Repeat until convergence.
A state's rating is the sum of the ratings of its teams.
Ratings from invitationals correlate well with nationals results.
Nationals Rating
rank
CA Troy 3 4.77
OH Mason 1 3.90
WI Marquette 4 3.89
CA Mountain View 2 3.69
NC Enloe 7 3.77
IL Stevenson 6 3.22
IN Carmel 9 2.63
OH Solon 5 2.59
NJ W W-P N 2.53
CA Wilson 2.34
MA Lexington 2.27
CA Mission San Jose 2.18
NY Melville 13 2.12
TX Seven Lakes 10 1.99
CA Palo Alto 1.98
NJ Montgomery 12 1.86
CA Lynbrook 1.83
IL New Trier 8 1.77
WA Bothell 1.74
MI Northville 17 1.34
MI Saline 1.27
NJ W W-P S 1.22
MA Acton-Boxborough 11 1.16
WA Tesla STEM 24 1.16
CA Portola 1.21
CA Temple City 1.13
WA Camas 1.03
FL Archimedean Cons. 1.01
NJ Hillsborough 1.01
For each state, the table shows the number of teams with a rating larger than 1.
# of State rating 2 Nationals teams for 2022 bids CA 8 25.8 * OH 2 10.1 * NJ 4 9.6 NY 1 7.1 * IL 2 5.8 * MI 2 4.6 * NC 1 4.4 * MA 2 4.1 TX 1 3.9 * WI 1 3.8 WA 3 3.7 IN 1 3.7 GA 0 2.4 FL 1 2.3 * PA 0 2.3 *
States of Death include California, Ohio, New Jersey, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Washington.
The college basketball national championship tournament inspires people to
enter bracket pools. The question is how to score a bracket. A natural scoring system is to
give 1 point for each correct entry in the bracket.
A golf tournament differs from a bracket in that the tournament yields an ordering among the
players from 1 to N. In this case, a "bracket" is a prediction of the ordering. A formula for
scoring the bracket is:
Predicted rank of team i = Pi
Rank of team i from the tournament = Ri
Score = S = ∑i |ln(Pi) - ln(Ri)|
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Golf rank Golf rank Golf Golf Athlete rank
Golf Digest Bleacher Report handicap rounds/year Golf Digest
Trump 1 1 2.8 91 Winner of 19 club championships. Owns 17 golf courses
Kennedy 2 3 8 4 Harvard golf team
Eisenhower 3 2 13 100 5 Installed a green on the White House lawn
Ford 4 7 1 Michigan football team, in the year that Michigan won the national championship
Roosevelt T 5 2
Bush 41 6 10 3
Bush 43 7 6 11 3 8 Hits 18 holes 2 hours. Doesn't take practice swings
Clinton 8 4
Obama 9 5 13 42 7
Reagan 10 6
Harding 11
Taft 12
Wilson 13
Nixon 14 Shot a 79
Johnson 15
Coolidge 16 Left behind his clubs upon departing the White House
Wilson 25 250 10 Played in the winter and painted his balls black
Biden 10
Pence 15
Lincoln 9
Jack Nicklaus: "Trump loves the game of golf more than he loves money"
Modern organized sports give us quantitative information about athletic prowess. Ranking presidents from before the age of organized sports is difficult and we fall back on anecdotes.
Tier 1 Ford
Tier 2 Washington Grant Eisenhower Trump
Tier 3 Jackson Lincoln T Roosevelt Kennedy Carter Reagan Bush 41 Bush 43 RFK Jr
Tier 4 Taylor Harrison McKinley Taft Wilson Truman Nixon Biden
Tier 5 Everyone else
Tier 6 Cleveland FDR
Washington Mighty horseman. Big and strong. Wrestler.
Could crush a walnut with his thumb and index finger.
Army General of the Armies
Fought many battles and had many horses shot out from under him.
His coat and hat are full of bullet holes.
Has more horse miles than most modern Americans have air miles.
Jefferson Virginia Militia Colonel
Madison Virginia Militia Colonel
Monroe Virginia Militia Colonel
Jackson Army Major General
Taylor Army Major General
Tyler Army Colonel
Polk Tennessee Captain
Harrison Army Major General
Fillmore New York Militia Major
Pierce Army Brigadier General
Buchanan Army Private
Lincoln County wrestling champion. Defeated many renowned wrestlers.
Master of the axe. Army Captain
Johnson A Brigadier General
Grant Best horse rider and horse trainer in America, in an era where horsemanship mattered.
Army General of the Armies
Hayes Army Major General
Garfield Army Major General
Arthur New York Militia Brigadier General
Harrison Army Brigadier General
Cleveland Renowned as a bad athlete
McKinley Army Captain
Roosevelt, T Played all sports, including boxing and wrestling. Army Colonel
Climbed the Matterhorn
Taft Yale heavyweight intramural wrestling champion
Wilson Davidson U baseball starter. Princeton rugby coach. Played more golf rounds
than any president.
FDR Undistinguished as a student or athlete. Harvard cheerleader
Truman Army Colonel
Eisenhower U.S. Military Academy starting halfback. Gymnast, boxer, fencer, horseman.
Football coach for Peacock Military Academy and St. Mary's University.
Army General of the Army. Golf handicap 13. Installed a golf green at the White House
Kennedy Harvard golf starter and swimming starter. Football JV. Golf handicap 8.
Harvard sailing starter. Won the Eastern Collegiate Championship. Navy Lieutenant
Johnson L Navy Commander
Nixon Whittier football and basketball team. Navy Commander. Bowler
Kennedy, R No record of sports
Ford Michigan U football starting center and linebacker.
Team MVP. College all-star. The Michigan team won the national championship.
Yale football and boxing coach. Navy Lieutenant Commander
Carter Naval academy sprint football starter, baseball starter, and cross country starter.
High school basketball starter. Navy Lieutenant
Reagan Eureka College football starter and swim starter. Great physique.
Sports broadcaster. Portrayed The Gipper in "Knute Rockne".
Honored with a gold medal at the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
Army Captain
Bush 41 High school football captain and baseball captain. Yale baseball captain.
Played in the college baseball world series. Golf handicap 10. Navy Lieutenant
Bush 43 Yale rugby starter. High school baseball starter. Golf handicap 10.
Ran a marathon in 3:44:52. Air National Guard First Lieutenant
Owned the Texas Rangers
Obama Little athletic background. Pickup basketball player but was not on any varsity team.
Trump Golf handicap 3.
High school football starter, soccer starter, and baseball starter, at a military academy.
Member of the WWE Hall of Fame. Owned the New Jersey Generals football team.
Owns 19 golf courses. Gets cheers when attending sports events.
People make glorious memes depicting Trump as a badass.
Biden High school football starter and baseball starter. Golf handicap 10
RFK Jr Mighty physique, and he still has it as an elder. Falconer
The mainstream media likes to tout Obama as a great athlete, and that he played basketball at Occidental college. There is no record of him being associated with the Occidental basketball team. It's a myth. Obama's jump shot is poor. He can't bend his knees and he can't maneuver. He doesn't jump, and his release point is sadly low, at the level of his head. When Obama threw out the first pitch at a baseball game, it was a weak pitch and it was way out of the strike zone.
Presidents that installed sports at the White House:
Teddy Tennis Truman Bowling, horseshoes Eisenhower Golf green Ford Pool Obama Basketball
A president's fitness on the last day of office matters. Jay's ranks:
Age on Years alive
last day after presidency
Ford 63 29 Michigan football center & linebacker. Team MVP. College all-star
Grant 54 8 Best Horseman in America
Washington 65 2 Mighty horseman. Big and strong. Wrestler
Teddy 50 9 Boxed and wrestled while prez
Lincoln 56 0 Master wrestler and lumberjack
Kennedy 46 0 Harvard starter golf & swimming. Football JV. Golf handi 8
Carter 56 >42 Naval acad starter football, baseball, x country
RFK Sr 47 ?
Eisenhower 70 8 Army acad starting halfback. All sports
RFK Jr 74 ? Fit at old age
Bush 43 62 >14 Yale rugby starter. HS baseball starter. Golf handicap 10
Trump 82 ? Golf handicap of 3. Still a badass golfer
Jackson 69 8
Bush 41 68 25 Yale baseball captain. HS football captain
Garfield 49 0
Taft 55 17
Clinton 54 >22
Polk 53 0
Nixon 61 19 Enthusiastically participates at football practice
Obama 55 >6 No record of being on a sports team
Reagan 77 15 Eureka College starter football & swim
Adams, JQ 61 18
Adams, J 65 25
Cleveland 59 4 Left his golf clubs behind upon leaving White House
Wilson 64 2 Stroke
Hillary 73 >3 Infirm
Biden 86 - Demented and infirm
FDR 63 0 Died of old age while in office
We consider hypothetical presidents such as RFK Sr, RFK Jr, and Hillary Clinton.
FDR died of old age while in office. That's why he's ranked last.
General of the Army Washington Grant Eisenhower Major General Jackson Harrison W Taylor Hayes Garfield Brigadier General Arthur Pierce Johnson A Harrison B Colonel Jefferson Madison Monroe Polk Teddy Truman Commander Johnson L Nixon Major Fillmore Lieutenant Commander Ford Captain Tyler Lincoln McKinley Reagan Lieutenant Kennedy Carter Bush 41 First Lieutenant Bush 43 Private Buchanan
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Golf Digest ranked the best 150 golfers in DC.
Handicap Rank
Tony Russo -3.1 1
Rob Ellsworth -1.8 2
David Perdue -.6 3 Senate R
Trey Gowdy 1.0 7 House R
Donald Trump 2.8 12 President R
Roger Williams 4.9 23 House R
Bob Corker 5.2 26 Senate R
Mick Mulvaney 8.0 42 House R
Jim Renacci 9.6 63 House R
Joe Biden 10 68 VP D
Rick Allen 10 68 House R
Dean Heller 10 68 Senate R
Tom Rooney 10 68 House R
Albio Sires 10.2 77 House D
Ron Johnson 10.6 88 Senate R
Richard Burr 11.3 86 Senate R
Pete Aguilar 12 92 House D
Xavier Becerra 12 92 House D
Chris Collins 12 92 House R
Jeff Duncan 12 92 House R
John Hoeven 12 92 Senate R
Duncan Hunter 12 92 House R
Ron Kind 12 92 House D
Brad Ashford 12.3 102 House D
Pat Meehan 12.3 102 House R
Dan Kildee 12.8 107 House D
Phil Roe 12.8 107 House R
Ander Crenshaw 12.9 111 House R
Barack Obama 13 113 President D
Lindsey Graham 13 113 Senate R
Mike Pence 15 127 VP R
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Largest NIL valuations in millions:
Football:
QB 5.3 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
WR 4.2 1.8 1.7 1.6
OT 1.9 1.7 1.6
S 2.4
Edge 2.2
DL 1.7
RB 1.6
Basketball, men:
SF 4.4 1.7 1.7
PF 3.3 2.0 1.9 1.8
PG 2.1
SG 1.9
CG 1.6 1.6
Basketball, women 1.5 1.5 .89 .85 .78 .74 .55 .36 .30 .26
Golf, men 2.5 1.75 .85 .75 .75 .6
Golf, women 2.0
Tennis, women .68
Gymnastics, women .65 .30 .16
Softball, women 1.0
Track, women .14
Data for 2025 Dec 2.
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For the world championships from 2013-2018, the number of times each region has appeared in the elimination bracket is:
Quarter Semi Final Win
South Korea 20 12 8 6
China 14 8 4 2
Europe 13 7 2
N. America 6 1
Taiwan, HK 3
Other 0
24 teams participate in the world championships, 12 1st-tier teams and 12 2nd-tier teams. The 2nd-tier teams play a pool round with 4 advancing, where they join the 12 1st-tier teams for another pool round, with 8 advancing to an elimination bracket.
The number of teams from each region is:
1st 2nd
tier tier
South Korea 3
China 2 1
Europe 2 1
North America 2 1
Taiwan, HK 1 1
Vietnam 1
Brazil 1
Russia 1
Japan 1
Turkey 1
Latin North 1
Latin South 1
Oceana 1
SE Asia 1
We can tally the results from past world championships to give a sense of how many teams each region deserves in the current world championship. We define a measure of the strength of each region based on the performance of its teams in the tournament.
Points
Win 4
Final 3
Semifinal 2
Quarterfinal 1
Tallying results from 2013-2018,
South Korea 40 China 23 Europe 17 N. America 7 Taiwan, HK 3 Other 0 Total 88
South Korea owns 45% of the points. If tournament placements were based on this measure of region strength, South Korea would have far more than 3 teams in the tournament. This imbalance could be remedied by holding a qualifying tournament for teams that didn't qualify through their regions.
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International rugby is well structured. Some of its strengths are:
Within conferences, teams are well balanced in terms of strength.
Conferences make sense geographically.
Each conference completes a single or double round robin each year. Conference results carry weight because the World Cup occurs only once every 4 years.
There are abundant interconference matches, both between top-tier teams and between top-tier and lesser teams.
Conferences are flexible and there exists upward mobility. For example Argentina established itself by making the World Cup semifinal in 2007 and was invited to join the Tri Nations in 2011, since known as The Rugby Championship.
Teams can take temporary leave of absence from conferences.
Teams can play in multiple ocnferences. For example the USA, Canada, and Japan often compete in the Pacific Nations Cup.
Teams can schedule games with whoever they want, and there is no limit to the number of times two two teams can play per year.
There are several national #2 teams, such as New Zealand #2 and Argentia #2.
There are subregional conferences such as "Europe 6 Nations B" and "Asian Division 1".
There exist teams independent of nations, such as The Barbarians and The British & Irish Lions.
Each team plays around 12 games per year and these games are chosen wisely. Matches are almost always compelling because both conference and interconference results carry weight.
Matchups between top teams occur frequently enough that a world champion can be meaningfully defined using results from the previous 2 years.
Championships
Oklahoma State 34
Iowa 24
Penn State 9
Iowa State 8
Oklahoma 7
Minnesota 3
Ohio State 1
Arizona State 1
Michigan State 1
Northern Iowa 1
Cornell College 1
Indiana 1
Big Twelve 49
Big Ten 39
Other 3
Few schools outside of the Midwest have won championships.
Men's hockey:
Varsity Club Championship teams:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_Cup_Championship
Numbers are for 2001-2017. All teams with at least one placement in the top 3 are
included.
FCS conferences can realign to be geographically compact and to have fewer teams. For example,
The California conference could add California schools from outside Division 1, and
schools exist with lots of students, such as
The FCS California schools could secede from their conferences and form a California conference,
and invite teams from outside Division 1.
The Yale stadium was once the biggest football stadium. It's a simple crater carved from dirt.
The USC and Michigan stadiums are craters.
Championships Frozen Four
Michigan 9 24
North Dakota 7 21
Denver 7 14
Wisconsin 6 12
Boston College 5 24
Boston University 5 22
Minnesota 5 21
Lake Superior State 3 4
Michigan State 3 11
Michigan Tech 3 10
Cornell 2 8
Maine 2 11
Colorado College 2 10
RPI 2 5
Minnesota-Duluth 1 4
Harvard 1 12
Providence 1 4
Bowling Green 1
Northern Michigan 1
Union 1
Yale 1
St Lawrence 9
Clarkson 7
New Hampshire 7
Dartmouth 4
Women's hockey:
Championships Final
Minnesota-Duluth 5 6
Minnesota 5 7
Wisconsin 4 6
Clarkson 1 1
Harvard 4
Arizona State Air Force Arkansas State BYU California
Cent. Washington Clemson Dartmouth Navy Notre Dame
Oklahoma Texas UCLA UTAH
Division 1-A Rugby:
East: Army, Delaware, Kutztown, Penn State, Wheeling Jesuit
St. Bonaventure, Iona, University at Buffalo
Mid-South: Lindenwood, Life University, Davenport University
California: Cal Poly, Saint Mary's, UC Davis, San Diego State,
UC Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Sacramento State, Stanford
West: Colorado, Colorado State, Wyoming Northern Colerado, New Mexico
Championships
California 25
BYU 4
Air Force 3
Harvard 1
San Diego State 1
The Varsity Club conference was formed in 2013.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1-A_Rugby
Champ 2nd 3rd
Manchester U 7 3 3
Chelsea 5 4 3
Arsenal 2 4 4
Manchester City 2 2 2
Liverpool 3 3
Tottenham 1 1
Leicester City 1
Newcastle U 1
E Wash Washington
Portland St Oregon
Idaho Idaho
Idaho St Idaho
Montana St Montana
Montana Montana
Weber St Utah
S Utah Utah
Utah T Utah
N Colorado Colorado
North Dakota North Dakota
North Dakota St North Dakota
South Dakota South Dakota
South Dakota St South Dakota
Saint Thomas Minnesota
Drake Iowa
Butler Iowa
N Iowa Iowa
Illinois St Illinois
W Illinois Illinois
E Illinois Illinois
S Illinois Illinois
Indiana St Indiana
Valpariso Indiana
Youngstown St Ohio
Dayton Ohio
SE Missouri St Missouri
Lindenwood Missouri
Missouri St Missouri
Murray St Kentucky
Morehead St Kentucky
E Kentucky Kentucky
Austin peay Tennessee
Tennessee Martin Tennessee
Tennessee Tech Tennessee
Tennessee St Tennessee
Chattanooga Tennessee
E Tennessee St Tennessee
UC Davis California
Sacramento St California
Cal Poly California
San Diego California
N Arizona Arizona
Abilene Christian Texas
Tarleton St Texas
Incarnate Word Texas
Stephen Austin Texas
Lamar Texas
Houston Christian Texas
E Texas AM Texas
Prairie View AM Texas
Texas S Texas
Arkansas Pine Blu Arkansas
C Arkansas Arkansas
SE Louisiana Louisiana
Nichols Louisiana
McNeese Louisiana
Northwestern St Louisiana
Southern Louisiana
Grambling St Louisiana
Jackson St Mississippi
Mississippi Va St Mississippi
Alcorn St Mississippi
N Alabama Alabama
Alabama St Alabama
Alabama AM Alabama
Samford Alabama
Mercer Georgia
W Georgia Georgia
Maine Maine
New Hampshire New Hampshire
Stonehill Massachusetts
Holy Cross Massachusetts
Rhode Island Rhode Island
Bryant Rhode Island
C Connecticut Connecticut
Stony Brook New York
Albany New York
Marist New York
Colgate New York
Fordham New York
Wagner New York Staten
LIU New York
Monmouth New Jersey
Georgetown Pennsylvania
Lehigh Pennsylvania
Lafayette Pennsylvania
Villanova Pennsylvania
Duquesne Pennsylvania
Robert Morris Pennsylvania
Saint Francis Pennsylvania
Mercyhurst Pennsylvania
Delaware St Delaware
Delaware Delaware
Morgan St Maryland
Towson Maryland
Bucknell DC
Howard DC
Richmond Virginia
William Mary Virginia
Hampton Virginia
VMI Virginia
Norfolk St Virginia
Gardner Webb North Carolina
Davidson North Carolina
North Carolina C North Carolina
W Carolina North Carolina
Elon North Carolina
Campbell North Carolina
North Carolina AT North Carolina
South Carolina St South Carolina
Charleston S South Carolina
Presbyterian South Carolina
Citadel South Carolina
Wofford South Carolina
Furman South Carolina
Stetson Florida
Florida AM Florida
Bethune Cookman Florida
Thousands of students
UC San Diego 43
Fullerton St 40
Northridge St 39
UC Irvine 37
Long Beach St 37
San Francisco St 30
Los Angeles St 28
UC Santa Barbara 26
UC Riverside 26
Pomona St 26
Size Year
Circus Maximus 300000 -600
Delphi 6500 -350
Roman Colosseum 75000 80
Panatheniac 80000 566
Yale 61446 1914
USC 77500 1923
Michigan 107601 1927
Indianpolis Speedway 400000
Indiana 38
Alabama 34 Alabama 3
Oklahoma 24 Indiana 56
Texas Tech 0 Oregon 22
Oregon 51 Oregon 23 Indiana 27
JMU 34 Miami 21
Ohio State 14
Miami 10 Miami 24 Miami 31
Texas AM 3 Ole Miss 27
Georgia 34
Ole Miss 41 Ole Miss 39
Tulane 10
B1G:
Oh In Or Mi USC Conf losses
Ohio + 0 Conference championship game participant
Ind + 0 Conference champion
Ore - + 1
Mich - - 2
USC - + 2
SEC:
TAM Ala Geo Mis Tex Van Ok Ten LSU Fl Mo Conf losses
TAM - + + + 1
Ala + + - + + + 1 Conference championship game participant
Geo - + + + + 1 Conference champion
Mis - + + + 1
Tex + - + + - 2
Van - - + + + 2
Ok + - - + + + 2
Tenn - - - - + 4
LSU - - - - - + 5
Fl - - - + - - 6
Mo - - - - 4
Big 12:
BYU TxT Ut Cin TCU AzS Hou Conf losses
BYU - + + + 1 Conference championship game participant
TxT + + - + 1 Conference champion
Ut - - + + 2
Cin - - - 4
TCU - + - + 4 Lost to Kansas St
AzS + - + - 3
Hou - - + 3 Lost to W Virginia
ACC:
Vir GeT SMU Pit Duk Conf losses
Vir + 1 Conference championship game participant
GeT - + 2 Lost to NC St
SMU 2 Lost to Wake Forest
Pit + 2
Duk - - 2 Conference champion. Lost to Georgia T
Mia - + 2
Total Non-playoff Playoff Teams in Teams in
payout payout payout bowls playoffs
M$ M$ M$
B10 94.8 39.8 55 11 3
SEC 94.2 36.2 58 12 5
ACC 78.2 46 32 11 1
B12 46.5 39.5 7 8 1
AAC 18.7 11.7 7 9 1
Sun 9.6 2.6 7 10 1
USA 5.6 5.6 0 7 0
MW 5.6 5.6 0 7 0
MAC 3.9 3.9 0 5 0
P12 .8 .8 0 1 0
ND 0 0 0 0 0
Total 357.7 191.7 166 80 12
There is 56 M$ more that will be decided by playoff games.
Payout (M$) B10 SEC B12 ACC AAC Sun USA P12 MW MAC
Final 9 Indiana Miami 27 21 * *
Peach (SF) 9 Indiana Oregon 56 22 **
Fiesta (SF) 9 Miami Ole Miss 31 27 * *
Orange 7 Oregon Texas T 23 0 * *
Cotton 7 Miami Ohio St 24 14 * *
Rose 7 Indiana Alabama 38 3 * *
Sugar 7 Georgia Miss 39 34 **
Round 1 7 Oregon Madison 51 34 * *
Round 1 7 Miss Tulane 41 10 * *
Round 1 7 Miami Texas AM 10 3 * *
Round 1 7 Oklahoma Alabama 34 24 **
Alamo 8.3 TCU USC 30 27 * *
Citrus 8.2 Texas Michigan 41 27 * *
Pop Tart 6.1 BYU Georgia T 25 21 * *
ReliaQuest 6.7 Iowa Vanderbilt 34 27 * *
Holiday 6.5 SMU Arizona 24 19 * *
Texas 6.4 Houston LSU 38 35 * *
Music City 5.7 Illinois Tennessee 30 28 * *
Gator 5.4 Virginia Missouri 13 7 * *
Duke's Mayo 4.8 Wake For Miss St 43 29 * *
Liberty 4.7 Navy Cincinnati 35 13 * *
Sun 4.6 Duke Arizona St 42 39 * *
Pinstripe 4.4 Penn St Clemson 22 10 * *
Las Vegas 2.9 Utah Nebraska 44 22 * *
Independence 2.2 Louis T Coast Carol 23 14 * *
Military 2.1 E Carolna Pittsburgh 23 17 * *
Sports 2.0 Northwest C Michigan 34 7 * *
Rate 1.6 Minnesota New Mexico 20 17 * *
68 Ventures 1.5 Delaware Louisiana 20 13 * *
Birmingham 1.4 Georgia So App St 29 10 **
Armed Forces 1.4 Texas St Rice 41 10 * *
Hawaii 1.2 Hawaii California 35 31 * *
Gasparilla 1.1 NC St Memphis 31 7 * *
New Mexico 1.0 N Texas San Diego St 49 47 * *
Boca Raton .9 Louisville Toledo 27 22 * *
New Orleans .8 W Kentucky S Miss 27 16 * *
First Respond .8 UTSA FIU 57 20 * *
Idaho Potato .8 Wash St Utah St 34 21 * *
Frisco .6 Ohio UNLV 17 10 * *
Cure .6 Old Dom S Florida 24 10 * *
Arizona .4 Fresno St Miami Ohio 18 3 * *
Veterans .3 Jackson St Troy 17 13 * *
XBox Ark St Missou St 34 28 * *
Myrtle Beach W Michigan Kennesaw St 41 6 * *
Fenway Army UConn 41 16 * Independent
LA Washing Boise St 38 10 * *
B10 SEC B12 ACC AAC Sun USA P12 MW MAC
Non-conference games. The winner is the first team listed. A "*" indicates a ranked team. A "-" indicates that the unranked team won.
B1G vs. SEC (4-3)
Ohio St Texas 14 7 **
Oklahoma Michigan 24 13 **
Alabama Wisconsin 38 10 *
Texas Michigan 41 27 ** Citrus
Iowa Vanderbilt 34 27 ReliaQuest
Illinois Tennessee 30 28 Music City
Indiana Alabama 38 3 **
B1G vs. B12 (3-4)
Nebraska Cincinnati 20 17
Oregon Oklahoma St 69 3 *
Utah UCLA 43 10 *
Iowa St Iowa 16 13 * -
TCU USC 30 27 Alamo
Utah Nebraska 44 22 Las Vegas
Oregon Texas T 23 0 ** Playoff quarterfinal
B1G vs. ACC (3-1)
Michigan St Boston C 42 40
Illinois Duke 45 19
Cal Minnesota 27 14
Penn St Clemson 22 10 Pinstripe
Miami Ohio State 24 14 ** Playoff quarterfinal
Indiana Miami 27 21 ** Playoff final
SEC vs. B12 (3-1)
Auburn Baylor 38 24
Missouri Kansas 42 31 *
Miss St Arizona St 24 20
Houston LSU 38 35 * Texas
SEC vs. ACC (6-7)
LSU Clemson 17 10
Tennessee Syracuse 45 26 *
S Carolina Virginia T 24 11
Vanderbilt Virginia T 44 20 *
Florida St Alabama 31 17 * -
Miami Florida 26 7 *
Clemson S Carolina 28 14
Georgia Georgia T 16 9 **
Miami Texas AM 10 3 ** Playoff round 1
Virginia Missouri 13 7 ** Gator
Wake For Miss St 43 29 Duke's Mayo
Miami Ole Miss 31 27 ** Playoff semifinal
B12 vs. ACC (8-3)
Baylor SMU 48 45
TCU SMU 35 24
TCU N Carolina 48 14
BYU Stanford 27 3 *
UCF N Carolina 34 9
W Virginia Pittsburgh 31 24 * -
Georgia T Colorado 27 20 *
BYU Georgia T 25 21 Pop Tart
SMU Arizona 24 19 Holliday
Duke Arizona St 42 39 Sun
Notre Dame
Miami Notre Dame 27 24 **
Texas AM Notre Dame 41 40 **
Notre Dame Purdue 56 23 *
Notre Dame Arkansas 56 13 *
Notre Dame Boise St 28 7 *
Notre Dame USC 34 24 *
Notre Dame NC St 36 7 *
Notre Dame Boston C 25 10 *
Notre Dame Pittsburgh 37 15 **
Notre Dame Syracuse 70 7 *
Notre Dame Stanford 49 20 *
Outside Power4 beating Power4
S Florida Florida 18 16 AAC SEC
Tulane Northwestern 23 3 AAC B1G
Tulane Duke 34 27 AAC ACC
UNLV UCLA 30 23 MW B1G
Ohio W Virginia 17 10 MAC B12
Army Kansas St 24 21 AAC B12
Hawaii California 35 31 MW ACC
E Carolna Pittsburgh 23 17 AAC ACC Military
Navy Cincinnati 35 13 AAC B12 Liberty
Big games outside Power4
S Florida Boise St 34 7 AAC MW
S Florida N Texas 63 36 AAC AAC
Memphis S Florida 34 31 AAC AAC
Indiana Oregon 30 20 Oregon Iowa 18 16 Indiana Iowa 20 15 USC Michigan 31 13 USC Iowa 26 21 Ohio St Michigan 27 9 Oregon USC 42 27 Indiana Ohio St 13 10 Conference championship Indiana Oregon 56 22 Playoff semifinal Texas AM Missouri 38 17 Alabama Georgia 24 21 Alabama Missouri 27 24 Georgia Miss 43 35 Florida Texas 29 21 Oklahoma Alabama 23 21 Georgia Texas 35 10 Oklahoma Missouri 17 6 Texas Texas AM 27 17 Georgia Alabama 27 7 Conference championship Alabama Oklahoma 34 24 Playoff round 1 Ole Miss Georgia 39 34 Playoff quarterfinal Texas T BYU 29 7 BYU Cincinnati 26 14 Texas T BYU 34 7 Conference championship Virginia Duke 34 17 Pitt Georgia T 42 28 SMU Louisville 38 6 Duke Virginia 27 20 Conference championship Ohio St Texas 14 7 Oklahoma Michigan 24 13 Miami Notre Dame 27 24 Texas AM Notre Dame 41 40
Conference games that don't happen:
Ohio St vs. Indiana Ohio St vs. Oregon Ohio St vs. Iowa Ohio St vs. USC Indiana vs. Michigan Indiana vs. USC Texas AM vs. Alabama Texas AM vs. Georgia Alabama vs. Texas Alabama vs. Mississippi Missisippi vs. Texas Texas AM vs. Mississippi Texas T vs. Cincinnati Virginia vs. SMU Virginia vs. Georgia T Virginia vs. Pittsburgh Boise St vs. Hawaii
B1G SEC B12 ACC Losses Big wins
1 Indiana * Oregon
2 Ohio State *
3 Georgia *
4 Texas Tech * Arizona State BYU Utah Houston
5 Oregon * Indiana
6 Mississippi *
7 Texas AM *
8 Oklahoma *
9 Alabama * Oklahoma Florida State Georgia Vanderbilt
10 Miami * Louisville SMU
11 Notre Dame Independent Texas AM Miami
12 BYU * Texas Tech
13 Texas *
14 Vanderbilt * Alabama Texas
15 Utah *
16 USC *
17 Arizona *
18 Michigan *
19 Virginia * NC State Wake Forest
20 Tulane AAC
21 Houston *
22 Georgia Tech *
23 Iowa *
24 James Madison Sun
25 North Texas AAC
Duke is not ranked but they are the ACC champions.
B1G SEC B12 ACC Losses Big wins
1 Indiana * Miami Oregon x2 Ohio St Alabama
2 Miami * Louisville SMU Ole Miss Ohio St Texas AM
3 Mississippi * Georgia Tulane
4 Oregon * Indiana Texas T JMU
5 Ohio State *
6 Georgia *
7 Texas Tech * Arizona State BYU Utah Houston
8 Texas AM *
9 Alabama * Oklahoma Florida State Georgia Oklahoma Vanderbilt
10 Notre Dame Independent Texas AM Miami
11 BYU * Texas Tech
12 Texas *
13 Oklahoma *
14 Utah *
15 Vanderbilt * Alabama Texas
16 Virginia * NC State Wake Forest
17 Iowa *
18 Tulane AAC
19 James Madison Sun
20 USC *
21 Michigan *
22 Houston *
23 Navy AAC
24 North Texas AAC
25 TCU *
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